Nanostructured graphene with atomically-smooth edges
Methods of producing layers of patterned graphene with smooth edges are provided. The methods comprise the steps of fabricating a layer of crystalline graphene on a surface, wherein the layer of crystalline graphene has a crystallographically disordered edge, and decreasing the crystallographic disorder of the edge of the layer of crystalline graphene by heating the layer of crystalline graphene on the surface at an elevated temperature in a catalytic environment comprising carbon-containing molecules.
1. Patterned graphene on a substrate comprising the substrate and a layer of graphene on the substrate, the layer of graphene comprising a graphene antidot lattice comprising at least 1,000 holes defined in the layer of graphene, wherein the holes are hexagonal in shape and aligned with the hexagonal crystal symmetry of the graphene lattice, the graphene antidot lattice having an area of at least 1 μm 2 and a hole density of at least 1×10 11 holes/cm 2 , and further wherein the holes have internal edges have a zigzag configuration.
2. The patterned graphene of claim 1 , wherein the holes have diameters of 50 nm or less.
3. The patterned graphene of claim 1 , wherein the holes have diameters of 10 nm or less.
4. The patterned graphene of claim 1 having an area of at least 1 mm 2 .
5. A patterned graphene structure comprising a substrate and a graphene nanoribbon array comprising at least 1,000 graphene nanoribbons aligned in a parallel arrangement along their longitudinal axes on the substrate, wherein the nanoribbons have longitudinal edges that have a root mean square roughness no greater than 5 nm over a length of at least 50 nm and are aligned with the crystallographic direction of the graphene, further wherein the longitudinal edges of the nanoribbons have a zigzag configuration extending over a length of at least 50 nm, and wherein the nanoribbons have widths of no greater than 5 nm.
6. The patterned graphene of claim 5 , wherein the graphene nanoribbons have a pitch of 500 nm or less and the graphene nanoribbon array covers an area of at least 1 μm 2 .
7. The patterned graphene of claim 5 wherein the longitudinal edges of the nanoribbons have a root mean square roughness no greater than 3 nm and a zigzag configuration extending over a length of at least 50 nm.
8. The patterned graphene of claim 5 , wherein the longitudinal edges of the nanoribbons have a root mean square roughness no greater than 1 nm and a zigzag configuration extending over a length of at least 50 nm.
9. The patterned graphene of claim 5 , wherein the longitudinal edges of the nanoribbons have a root mean square roughness no greater than 3 nm and a zigzag configuration extending over a length of at least 100 nm.
10. The patterned graphene of claim 5 , wherein the longitudinal edges of the nanoribbons have a root mean square roughness no greater than 3 nm and a zigzag configuration extending over a length of at least 1 μm.
11. The patterned graphene of claim 5 , wherein the longitudinal edges of the nanoribbons have a root mean square roughness no greater than 1 nm and a zigzag configuration extending over a length of at least 100 nm.
12. The patterned graphene of claim 5 , wherein the longitudinal edges of the nanoribbons have a root mean square roughness no greater than 1 nm and a zigzag configuration extending over a length of at least 1 μm.
13. The patterned graphene of claim 5 , wherein the longitudinal edges of the nanoribbons have a root mean square roughness no greater than 1 nm and a zigzag configuration extending over a length of at least 100 μm.