Solid hemoglobin-polymer biophotonic phantoms and their use
Novel biophotonic phantoms are provided herein that can accurately mimic the optical properties of living tissue. The disclosed biophotonic phantoms comprise hemoglobin (Hb) in a native conformation that is distributed in a solid polymer matrix. Methods of producing the disclosed biophotonic phantoms are also provided. The biophotonic phantoms can be used, for example, to calibrate or test an optical imaging system, such as a near infrared spectroscopy imaging system.
1. A biophotonic phantom comprising a solid matrix of cured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) comprising distributed hemoglobin (Hb) that is in a native conformation.
2. The biophotonic phantom of claim 1 , wherein the Hb is homogenously distributed in the solid matrix of cured PDMS.
3. The biophotonic phantom of claim 1 , wherein the solid matrix of cured PDMS comprising distributed Hb comprises an attenuation coefficient and an absorption coefficient that remain stable across visible and/or near infrared wavelengths for at least two months following curing of the PDMS in the matrix.
4. The biophotonic phantom of claim 3 , wherein the attenuation coefficient and the absorption coefficient change no more than 10% for at least two months following curing of the PDMS in the matrix.
5. The biophotonic phantom of claim 3 , wherein the attenuation coefficient and the absorption coefficient of the solid matrix of cured PDMS comprising distributed Hb remain stable across 400-1000 nm light for at least two month following curing of the biophotonic phantom.
6. The biophotonic phantom of claim 1 , wherein the solid matrix of cured PDMS comprises from 0.0001% to 5% Hb by weight.
7. The biophotonic phantom of claim 1 , wherein the solid matrix of cured PDMS comprises from 1.0% to 2.5% Hb by weight.
8. The biophotonic phantom of claim 1 , wherein the solid matrix of cured PDMS comprises about 1.8% Hb by weight.
9. The biophotonic phantom of claim 1 , wherein the Hb is oxygenated, partially oxygenated, or deoxygenated.
10. The biophotonic phantom of claim 9 , wherein:
the oxygenated Hb comprises an oxygen saturation level of more than 90%;
the partially oxygenated Hb comprises an oxygen saturation level of from 10%-90%; or
the deoxygenated Hb comprises an oxygen saturation level of no less than 10%.
11. The biophotonic phantom of claim 1 , wherein the solid matrix of cured PDMS comprising the distributed Hb is encased in a shell of PDMS that does not comprise Hb.
12. The biophotonic phantom of claim 1 , wherein the solid matrix of cured PDMS comprising distributed Hb further comprises one or more additives comprising an optical absorber and/or an optical scatterer.
13. The biophotonic phantom of claim 1 , wherein the biophotonic phantom simulates tissue with diffuse Hb distribution.
14. The biophotonic phantom of claim 13 , wherein the tissue with diffuse Hb distribution is brain tissue, skin, or mucosal tissue.
15. The biophotonic phantom of claim 1 , comprising a shape that simulates the morphology and optical properties of a living human organ or tissue, of body parts, or of whole animals.
16. The biophotonic phantom of claim 1 , further comprising one or more embedded filaments and/or solid or hollow inclusions that provide a series of targets for calibrating or testing the performance characteristics of an optical detection system.
17. The biophotonic phantom of claim 1 , wherein the solid matrix of cured PDMS comprising distributed Hb is included in the biophotonic phantom as an inclusion, and wherein the inclusion comprises an Hb concentration different from adjacent material in the biophotonic phantom.
18. A method of making a biophotonic phantom, comprising:
mixing hemoglobin (Hb) in a native conformation and uncured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) by sonication to form a distributed composition of the Hb in a native conformation and the PDMS; and
curing the PDMS in the composition of the Hb and PDMS using a curing agent and forming the distributed composition of Hb and PDMS into the shape of the biophotonic phantom, or a segment thereof.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the sonication comprises, for a duration of from 8-12 hours, episodes of sonication separated by intervals that permit sufficient heat dissipation to inhibit thermal denaturation and/or oxidation of the Hb, and optionally wherein the uncured PDMS and Hb are incubated at a temperature of 0-10° C. during the sonication.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the sonication comprises, for a duration of about 10 hours, episodes of sonication separated by intervals that permit sufficient heat dissipation to inhibit thermal denaturation and/or oxidation of the Hb, and optionally wherein the uncured PDMS and Hb are incubated at a temperature of 0-10° C. during the sonication.
21. The method of claim 18 , wherein the curing the PDMS in the distributed composition of Hb and PDMS using a curing agent and forming the distributed composition of Hb and PDMS into the shape of the biophotonic phantom or segment thereof, comprises:
incubating the distributed composition of Hb and PDMS in a vacuum chamber to remove dissolved gas;
mixing the curing agent with the distributed composition of Hb and PDMS at a ratio of 1:5 to 1:15 curing agent to PDMS;
pouring the curing agent mixed with the distributed composition of Hb and PDMS into a mold; and
incubating the curing agent mixed with the distributed composition of Hb and PDMS contained in the mold at room temperature for 24 to 48 hours.
22. The method of claim 18 , wherein
the sonication comprises, for a duration of about 10 hours, episodes of sonication separated by intervals that permit sufficient heat dissipation to inhibit thermal denaturation or oxidation of the hemoglobin, and optionally wherein the uncured PDMS and Hb are incubated at a temperature of 0-10° C. during the sonication; and
the curing the PDMS in the distributed composition of Hb and PDMS using a curing agent and forming the distributed composition of Hb and PDMS into the shape of the biophotonic phantom, comprises:
incubating the distributed composition of Hb and PDMS in a vacuum chamber for a duration of about 6 hours to remove dissolved gas;
mixing the curing agent with the distributed composition of Hb and PDMS at a ratio of about 1:10 curing agent to PDMS;
pouring the curing agent mixed with the distributed composition of Hb and PDMS into a mold; and
incubating the curing agent mixed with the distributed composition of Hb and PDMS contained in the mold at room temperature for 24 to 48 hours.
23. The method of claim 18 , further comprising adding an effective amount of a desaturation agent to the composition of Hb and PDMS to deoxygenate the Hb in the composition.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the desaturation agent is yeast, sodium dithionite, or nitrogen gas.
25. The method of claim 18 , further comprising encasing the biophotonic phantom in a shell of PDMS without hemoglobin.
26. A biophotonic phantom made by the method of claim 17 .
27. A method of calibrating or testing an optical detection system, comprising:
providing the biophotonic phantom of claim 1 ; and
using the optical imaging system:
directing visible or near-infrared wavelengths of light to the biophotonic phantom; and
detecting optical and/or acoustic signals produced at the phantom responsive to the directed light.