Ni(OH)2 nanoporous films as electrodes
The present disclosure pertains to electrodes that include a nickel-based material and at least one porous region with a plurality of nickel hydroxide moieties on a surface of the nickel-based material. The nickel-based material may be a nickel foil in the form of a film. The porous region of the electrode may be directly associated with the surface of the nickel-based material. The nickel hydroxide moieties may be in crystalline form and embedded with the porous region. The electrodes of the present disclosure may be a component of an energy storage device, such as a capacitor. Additional embodiments of the present disclosure pertain to methods of fabricating the electrodes by anodizing a nickel-based material to form at least one porous region on a surface of the nickel-based material; and hydrothermally treating the porous region to form nickel hydroxide moieties associated with the porous region.
1. An electrode comprising:
a nickel-based material; and
at least one porous region on a surface of the nickel-based material,
wherein the at least one porous region comprises a plurality of nickel hydroxide moieties,
wherein the nickel hydroxide moieties are derived from the nickel-based material.
2. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the nickel-based material is selected from the group consisting of nickel alloys, nickel foils, nickel foams, nickel plates, porous nickel, nickel coupons, nickel blocks, nickel rods, nickel cylinders, non-porous nickel, and combinations thereof.
3. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the nickel-based material is a nickel foil.
4. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the nickel-based material consists essentially of nickel.
5. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the nickel-based material is in the form of a film.
6. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the nickel-based material serves as a current collector.
7. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the at least one porous region is directly associated with the surface.
8. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the at least one porous region is derived from the nickel-based material.
9. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the at least one porous region comprises a plurality of porous regions scattered throughout the surface.
10. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the at least one porous region comprises single porous region.
11. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the at least one porous region spans an entire surface of the nickel-based material.
12. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the at least one porous region comprises pores with sizes ranging from about 1 nm in diameter to about 1 μm in diameter.
13. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the at least one porous region comprises pores with sizes ranging from about 1 nm in diameter to about 500 nm in diameter.
14. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the at least one porous region has a thickness ranging from about 50 nm to about 500 μm.
15. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the nickel hydroxide moieties are embedded with the at least one porous region.
16. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the nickel hydroxide moieties are in at least one of crystalline form, semi-crystalline form, amorphous form, lattice form, and combinations thereof.
17. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the nickel hydroxide moieties are in crystalline form.
18. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrode consists essentially of the nickel-based material and the at least one porous region.
19. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrode is an anode.
20. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrode is a cathode.
21. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrode has a capacitance ranging from about 1,000 F/g to about 2,500 F/g.
22. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrode has a capacitance ranging from about 1,500 F/g to about 2,000 F/g.
23. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrode is a component of an energy storage device.
24. The electrode of claim 23 , wherein the energy storage device is selected from the group consisting of capacitors, batteries, photovoltaic devices, photovoltaic cells, transistors, current collectors, fuel cell devices, water-splitting devices, two electrode systems, three electrode systems, and combinations thereof.
25. The electrode of claim 23 , wherein the energy storage device is a capacitor.
26. The electrode of claim 25 , wherein the capacitor is selected from the group consisting of lithium-ion capacitors, supercapacitors, asymmetric supercapacitors, asymmetric two electrode supercapacitors, additive-free electrode supercapacitors, micro supercapacitors, pseudo capacitors, electrochemical capacitors, two-electrode electric double-layer capacitors (EDLC), non-Faradaic electric double-material capacitors (EDLCs), Faradaic pseudocapacitors, and combinations thereof.
27. The electrode of claim 23 , wherein the energy storage device has a capacity ranging from about 100 F/g to about 500 F/g.
28. The electrode of claim 23 , wherein the energy storage device has a capacity ranging from about 100 F/g to about 200 F/g.
29. The electrode of claim 23 , wherein the energy storage device has an energy density ranging from about of 10 μWh/cm 2 to about 100 μWh/cm 2 .
30. The electrode of claim 23 , wherein the energy storage device has an energy density ranging from about of 25 μWh/cm 2 to about 50 μWh/cm 2 .
31. The electrode of claim 23 , wherein the energy storage device has a power density ranging from about 1 mW/cm 2 to about 100 mW/cm 2 .
32. The electrode of claim 23 , wherein the energy storage device has a power density ranging from about 10 mW/cm 2 to about 50 mW/cm 2 .
33. An electrode comprising:
a nickel-based material; and
at least one porous region on a surface of the nickel-based material, wherein the at least one porous region has a thickness ranging from about 100 nm to about 50 μm, and
wherein the at least one porous region comprises a plurality of nickel hydroxide moieties.
34. An electrode comprising:
a nickel-based material; and
at least one porous region on a surface of the nickel-based material,
wherein the at least one porous region comprises a plurality of nickel hydroxide moieties,
wherein the electrode is a component of an energy storage device, and
wherein the energy storage device retains at least 90% of its capacity after about 10,000 cycles.