Aluminum borate coated lithium ion cathode materials
Composite cathode materials are provided herein. Disclosed composite cathode materials include those comprising an aluminum borate coating. Systems making use of the cathode active materials are also described, such as electrochemical cells and electrodes for use in electrochemical cells. Methods for making and using the composite cathode materials are also disclosed.
1. A composite cathode material comprising:
a cathode active material; and
an aluminum borate, AlBO 3 , compound coating the cathode active material, thereby forming an aluminum borate compound coating as a thin film over the cathode active material.
2. The composite cathode material of claim 1 , wherein the cathode active material comprises lithium and one or more of manganese, nickel, magnesium, aluminum, and cobalt.
3. The composite cathode material of claim 1 , wherein the cathode active material comprises crystalline particles having cross-sectional dimensions selected from the range of 50 nm to 500 nm.
4. The composite cathode material of claim 1 , wherein the cathode active material comprises agglomerates of crystalline particles, wherein the agglomerates have cross sectional dimensions selected from the range of 1 μm to 20 μm.
5. The composite cathode material of claim 1 , wherein the aluminum borate compound coating has a thickness selected from the range of 0.5 nm to 20 nm.
6. The composite cathode material of claim 1 , wherein the aluminum borate compound is formed by a precipitation reaction between aluminum cations and borate anions.
7. The composite cathode material of claim 1 , wherein the aluminum borate compound coating provides a protective barrier against oxidative degradation of an electrolyte in contact with the composite cathode material when the cathode active material is charged using a voltage greater than 4.2 V.
8. The composite cathode material of claim 1 , wherein the aluminum borate compound coating comprises a percentage of the composite cathode material, by weight, of between 1% and 3%.
9. The composite cathode material of claim 1 , provided in the form of an electrode comprising an aggregate of a plurality of particles of the cathode active material each coated with the aluminum borate compound.
10. A method of making a composite cathode material of claim 1 , comprising:
forming a reaction mixture by adding a cathode active material, a cation precursor, and an anion precursor to a solvent thereby initiating a precipitation reaction between the cation precursor and the anion precursor to form the composite cathode material, wherein the composite cathode material comprises the cathode active material and an aluminum borate coating on the cathode active material, wherein:
the cation precursor comprises an aluminum salt, and
the anion precursor comprises borate anions.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein forming the reaction mixture comprises:
adding the cathode active material to the solvent to form suspended cathode active material in the solvent;
adding the cation precursor to the solvent, thereby forming a solution containing metal cations and suspended cathode active material; and
adding the anion precursor to the solution.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein adding the anion precursor to the solution comprises adding the anion precursor to the solution drop-wise while continuously stirring the solution.
13. The method of claim 10 , further comprising:
forming the composite cathode material into an electrode.
14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising:
assembling an electrochemical cell using the electrode, wherein the electrochemical cell comprises:
a cathode comprising the electrode;
an anode;
a separator positioned between the anode and the cathode; and
an electrolyte positioned between the anode and the cathode and in contact with the separator.
15. The method of claim 14 , further comprising charging the electrochemical cell by applying a charging voltage between the cathode and the anode, wherein the charging voltage is greater than 4.2 V.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein forming the composite cathode material into an electrode comprises:
applying a slurry comprising the composite cathode material to a current collector; and
drying the slurry, thereby forming the electrode.
17. An electrochemical cell comprising:
an anode;
a cathode;
a separator positioned between the anode and the cathode; and
an electrolyte positioned between the anode and the cathode and in contact with the separator;
wherein the cathode comprises:
a cathode active material; and
an aluminum borate coating over the cathode active material, thereby forming an aluminum borate compound coating as a thin film over the cathode active material.
18. The electrochemical cell of claim 17 , wherein a voltage difference between the anode and the cathode is greater than 4.2 V.