Porous electrodes for spectroelectrochemistry and x-ray structure analyses
An electrochemical cell that allows for in-situ structural characterization of amorphous thin film materials during the course of electrolysis using high-energy X-ray scattering (> 50 keV). The compact and versatile cell employs a three-electrode configuration and minimizes X-ray scattering contributions from the cell, reference and counter electrodes, as well as the working electrode support. A large surface area working electrode has a physically robust support and is largely transparent to X-rays. This design, which utilizes a three-dimensional working electrode, also greatly improves the intensity and quality of the scattered signal compared to a two-dimensional working electrode. The in-situ cell can be used not only to investigate structural evolution during electrolysis using X-ray scattering (e.g. pair distribution function), but also to perform electrochemical potential-dependent structural analysis by extended X-ray absorption fine structure.
1. An article of manufacture comprising:
an in-situ cell comprising:
at least three electrodes including a working electrode (W.E.), a reference electrode (R.E.), and a cell electrode (C.E.), the C.E. configured to receive current and in electrical communication with the W.E. whereby electrodeposition within the in-situ cell occurs at the W.E., the R.E. in electrical communication with the W.E. and configured to measure potential therebetewen;
the W.E. comprising a glass capillary array having a conformal conductive layer;
a film over the W.E., the W.E. and film defining a W.E. electrolyte region;
an electrolyte system including an electrolyte line and an electrolyte source in fluid communication with the in-situ cell.
2. The article of manufacture of claim 1 , wherein the glass capillary array is a microporous glass capillary array having pores with a diameter of 40 μm or less and at least a 20 mm 2 surface area.
3. The article of manufacture of claim 2 , wherein the conformal conductive layer is less than 70 nm thick.
4. The article of manufacture of claim 1 , wherein the W.E. further comprises a metallic layer deposited on the glass capillary array opposite the conductive layer.
5. The article of manufacture of claim 1 , wherein the conformal conductive layer is less than 50 nm thick.
6. The article of manufacture of claim 1 , wherein the W.E. electrolyte region has a cross-section shape selected from half-moon, semi-elliptical, and semi-circular.
7. The article of manufacture of claim 1 , wherein the film is 7.5 μm thick.
8. The article of manufacture of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte system further including a stirrer associated with the electrolyte source and configured to stir electrolyte in the electrolyte source.
9. The article of manufacture of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte system further comprises a pump.