Mechanochemical synthesis of iptycenes
Methods for mechanochemically synthesizing compositions comprising bridged bicyclic-based compounds such as iptycene-based compounds are generally provided. In some cases, two or more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may be mechanochemically reacted such that the product comprises the bridged bicyclic-based compound. In some embodiments, the product (e.g., the bridged bicyclic compound) may comprise two or more [2.2.2] bicyclic cores. In certain embodiments, the mechanochemical reactions described herein may produce higher order bridged bicyclic-based compounds such as oligoiptcyenes or poly-iptycenes. In certain embodiments, the bridged bicyclic based compound comprises a molecular cage.
1. A method for forming a composition, comprising:
mechanochemically reacting a first polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composition a comprising an anthracene, optionally substituted, with a second polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composition comprising a benzoquinone, optionally substituted, or an anthraquinone, optionally substituted, to form a product, wherein mechanochemically reacting comprises chemically reacting via a Diels-Alder reaction the first polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composition and the second polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composition in the presence of a mechanical force generated by mechanical milling of at least the first polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composition and, wherein the product comprises a bridged bicyclic-based compound comprising two or more [2.2.2] bicyclic cores, each [2.2.2] bicyclic core having the following structure:
wherein:
each R 1 -R 12 can be the same or different and are hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, amino, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or a carbonyl group, any of which is optionally substituted.
2. A composition, comprising:
a bridged bicyclic-based compound wherein at least a portion comprises a molecular cage having a first group attached to a first [2.2.2] bicyclic core and a second group attached to a second [2.2.2] bicyclic core, wherein the bridged bicyclic-based compound has a structure as in:
wherein:
each R can be the same or different and are hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, amino, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or a carbonyl group, any of which is optionally substituted, and n is an integer and is at least 1, further comprising:
a shortest linear distance of less than or equal to 9.5 Å between a free-end of the first group and a free-end of the second group determined without transecting the structure of the bridged bicyclic-based compound.
3. A composition as in claim 2 , wherein the bridged bicyclic-based compound is formed by the mechanochemical reaction of a first polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composition with a second polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composition different than the first polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
4. A composition as in claim 3 , wherein the mechanochemical reaction is conducted in the presence of additives.
5. A composition as in claim 4 , wherein an additive is a Lewis acid.
6. A filter device, comprising the composition as in claim 2 .
7. A composition as in claim 2 , wherein the bridged-bicyclic based compound has a pore size of less than or equal to 2 nm.
8. A composition as in claim 2 , wherein the bridged-bicyclic based compound has a number average molecular weight of at least 1000 Da.
9. A composition as in claim 2 , wherein the bridged bicyclic-based compound is an oligoiptycene.
10. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the first polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composition with a second polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composition are mechanochemically reacted in the presence of additives.
11. A method as in claim 10 , wherein an additive is a Lewis acid.
12. A method as in claim 1 , wherein any two adjacent groups of R 1 -R 12 are joined together to form an optionally substituted ring.
13. A method as in claim 1 , wherein at least one [2.2.2] bicyclic core is an iptycene core.