Heat recovery for saturator water recovery of a direct fuel cell system
A fuel cell system includes a fuel cell having an anode and a cathode, a water recovery system configured to recycle water from exhaust from the anode, a heat exchanger configured to transfer heat between exhaust from the cathode and water from the water recovery system, and a saturator having an upper section and a lower section separated by a divider defining an opening configured to allow fuel and steam to pass from the lower section to the upper section. The lower section receives fuel from a fuel source and water from the water recovery unit and the upper section receives fuel from the lower section and water from the heat exchanger.
1. A fuel cell system comprising:
a fuel cell having an anode and a cathode;
a water recovery system configured to recycle water from exhaust from the anode;
a heat exchanger configured to transfer heat between exhaust from the cathode and water from the water recovery system; and
a saturator comprising:
a lower section configured to receive fuel from a fuel source and water from the water recovery unit;
an upper section configured to receive fuel from the lower section and water from the heat exchanger; and
a divider separating the upper section and the lower section, the divider defining an opening configured to allow fuel and steam to pass from the lower section to the upper section;
wherein the lower section is configured to at least partially humidity the fuel from the fuel source;
wherein the lower section defines an upper portion and a lower portion, the lower portion configured to receive fuel from the fuel source and the upper portion configured to receive water from the water recovery unit; and
wherein the upper section defines an upper portion and a lower portion, the upper portion configured to receive water from the heat exchanger and the lower portion configured to receive fuel from the lower section.
2. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , the divider further comprising:
at least one wall extending upward from the opening;
a cover disposed above the opening; and
an outlet defined between the cover and the at least one wall.
3. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , the water recovery system further comprising a direct contact cooling tower configured to condense and separate water from the exhaust from the anode;
wherein substantially all of the water in the direct contact cooling tower is output to the saturator.
4. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein the water recovery system is configured to receive unevaporated water from the lower section.
5. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein the heat exchanger is configured to transfer heat between the exhaust from the cathode and unevaporated water output from the upper section.
6. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , the divider further comprising:
at least one wall extending upward from the opening;
a cover disposed above the opening; and
an outlet defined between the cover and the at least one wall.
7. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein the upper section is configured to output unevaporated water from the lower portion of the upper section.
8. The fuel cell system of claim 7 ,
wherein the heat exchanger is configured to receive water from at least one of the upper section and the water recovery unit.
9. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , further comprising a blowdown stream configured to output at least a portion of unevaporated water from the upper section.
10. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein the lower section is configured to partially humidify the fuel with a first portion of the water from the water recovery unit.
11. The fuel cell system of claim 10 , wherein the upper section is configured to humidify partially-humidified fuel received from the lower section with a second portion of the water from the water recovery unit.
12. The fuel cell system of claim 11 , wherein the heat exchanger is disposed downstream from the water recovery unit and upstream from the upper section of the saturator.
13. The fuel cell system of claim 12 , wherein the heat exchanger is configured to heat the second portion of the water from the water recovery unit and output a heated second portion of the water to the upper section of the saturator.
14. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , further comprising a blowdown stream configured to output at least a portion of unevaporated water from the upper section.
15. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein the lower section is configured to partially humidify the fuel with a first portion of the water from the water recovery unit.
16. The fuel cell system of claim 15 , wherein the upper section is configured to humidify partially-humidified fuel received from the lower section with a second portion of the water from the water recovery unit.
17. The fuel cell system of claim 16 , wherein the heat exchanger is disposed downstream from the water recovery unit and upstream from the upper section of the saturator.
18. The fuel cell system of claim 17 , wherein the heat exchanger is configured to heat the second portion of the water from the water recovery unit and output a heated second portion of the water to the upper section of the saturator.