Transvascular nerve stimulation apparatus and methods

1. A method for nerve stimulation, comprising:

inserting a lead structure into a venous system of a patient;

positioning a plurality of first electrodes proximate a left phrenic nerve, wherein each of the first electrodes is exposed about only a portion of a circumference of the lead structure and is recessed from an outer surface of the lead structure;

positioning a plurality of second electrodes proximate a right phrenic nerve in a superior vena cava, wherein each of the second electrodes is exposed about only a portion of a circumference of the lead structure;

stimulating the left phrenic nerve with an electrode combination selected from the plurality of first electrodes; and

stimulating the right phrenic nerve with an electrode combination selected from the plurality of second electrodes.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of first electrodes are positioned in a left subclavian vein; the plurality of first electrodes includes electrodes that are spaced apart circumferentially relative to each other; and the plurality of second electrodes includes electrodes that are spaced apart circumferentially relative to each other.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrode combination selected from at least one of the first electrodes or the second electrodes includes more than two electrodes.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrode combination selected from at least one of the first electrodes or the second electrodes includes a bipolar electrode pair.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrode combination selected from at least one of the first electrodes or the second electrodes includes electrodes aligned generally parallel to the respective left or right phrenic nerve.

6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising using a sensor to detect whether the patient is speaking or preparing to speak.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein each first electrode and each second electrode is electrically exposed through a corresponding opening in an outer non-conductive exterior wall portion of the lead structure.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first electrodes are arranged in at least two rows, each including a plurality of electrodes, or the second electrodes are arranged in at least two rows, each including a plurality of electrodes.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first electrodes and the second electrodes are inserted into the venous system through a same intravascular insertion point in the left subclavian vein.

10. A method for nerve stimulation, comprising:

positioning a plurality of first electrodes in a venous system proximate a left phrenic nerve;

positioning a plurality of second electrodes in a superior vena cava proximate a right phrenic nerve;

wherein at least one electrode of the plurality of first electrodes and the plurality of second electrodes is exposed through an aperture in an outer element and recessed from an outer surface of the outer element; and

selecting at least one of (i) a first combination of electrodes from the plurality of first electrodes for stimulation of the left phrenic nerve, the first combination having more than two electrodes, or (ii) a second combination of electrodes from the plurality of second electrodes for stimulation of the right phrenic nerve, the second combination having more than two electrodes.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein each of (i) the first combination of electrodes and (ii) the second combination of electrodes includes a tripolar electrode combination.

12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of first electrodes are positioned in a left subclavian vein.

13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the first combination of electrodes includes at least two electrodes aligned generally parallel to the left phrenic nerve, and the second combination of electrodes includes at least two electrodes aligned generally parallel to the right phrenic nerve.

14. The method of claim 10 , wherein each first electrode is coupled to a corresponding lead in a one-to-one relationship, and each second electrode is coupled to a corresponding lead in a one-to-one relationship.

15. The method of claim 10 , wherein each first electrode and each second electrode extends only partially around a longitudinal axis of a lead structure; the plurality of first electrodes includes electrodes that are spaced apart circumferentially relative to each other; and the plurality of second electrodes includes electrodes that are spaced apart circumferentially relative to each other.

16. The method of claim 10 , wherein each first electrode and each second electrode is electrically exposed through a corresponding opening in an outer non-conductive exterior wall portion of a lead structure.

17. The method of claim 10 , wherein each of (i) the first combination of electrodes and (ii) the second combination of electrodes is configured to emit an electrical current extending from only a portion of a circumference of a lead structure.

18. The method of claim 10 , wherein at least one of (i) the plurality of first electrodes or (ii) the plurality of second electrodes is arranged in at least two rows.

19. The method of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of first electrodes and the plurality of second electrodes are positioned about a same longitudinal axis of a lead structure, and further comprising positioning a signal generator proximal to the first electrodes.

20. The method of claim 10 , further comprising using a sensor to detect whether the patient is awake or asleep.

21. A method for nerve stimulation, comprising:

positioning a plurality of first electrodes in a venous system proximate a left phrenic nerve; and

positioning a plurality of second electrodes in a superior vena cava proximate a right phrenic nerve;

wherein at least one of (i) the plurality of first electrodes or (ii) the plurality of second electrodes is arranged in at least two rows, and

wherein at least one electrode of the plurality of first electrodes and the plurality of second electrodes is recessed from and exposed through an aperture in an outer wall.

22. The method of claim 21 , further comprising sensing a motion of a patient.

23. The method of claim 21 , wherein the plurality of first electrodes are positioned in a left subclavian vein.

24. The method of claim 21 , further comprising selecting at least one of (i) a first combination of electrodes from the plurality of first electrodes for stimulation of the left phrenic nerve or (ii) a second combination of electrodes from the plurality of second electrodes for stimulation of the right phrenic nerve.

25. The method of claim 24 , wherein each of the first combination of electrodes and the second combination of electrodes includes a bipolar electrode pair.

26. The method of claim 25 , wherein the first combination of electrodes includes electrodes aligned generally parallel to the left phrenic nerve, and the second combination of electrodes includes electrodes aligned generally parallel to the right phrenic nerve.

27. The method of claim 24 , further comprising stimulating at least one of the left or right phrenic nerves, wherein during stimulation, the selected first or second combination emits an electrical current extending from only a portion of a circumference of a lead structure.

28. The method of claim 21 , further comprising increasing a breathing rate during a period of increased physical activity or low blood oxygen concentration.

29. The method of claim 21 , wherein the at least two rows include a first row and a second row; the first and second rows are aligned parallel to a longitudinal axis of a lead structure; the first row includes a plurality of electrodes; and the second row includes a plurality of electrodes.

30. The method of claim 21 , wherein each first electrode and each second electrode is electrically exposed through a corresponding opening in an outer non-conductive exterior wall portion of a lead structure.