Methods and systems for near-field microwave imaging
A multistatic array topology and image reconstruction process for fast 3D near field microwave imaging are presented. Together, the techniques allow for hardware efficient realization of an electrically large aperture and video-rate image reconstruction. The array topology samples the scene on a regular grid of phase centers, using a tiling of multistatic arrays. Following a multistatic-to-monostatic correction, the sampled data can then be processed with the well-known and highly efficient monostatic Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) imaging algorithm. In this work, the approach is described and validated experimentally with the formation of high quality microwave images. The scheme is more than two orders of magnitude more computationally efficient than the backprojection method. In fact, it is so efficient that a cluster of four commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) graphical processing units (GPUs) can render a 3D image of a human-sized scene in 0.048-0.101 seconds.
1. A method of near-field microwave imaging of a scene, the method comprising:
acquiring multistatic array data with a multistatic array;
applying a multistatic-to-monostatic correction to the multistatic array data to form corrected multistatic array data;
Fourier transforming the corrected multistatic array data to form Fourier-domain data;
applying a phase shift to the Fourier-domain data to form phase-shifted Fourier-domain data, the phase shift corresponding to a distance between the multistatic array and the scene; and
inverse Fourier transforming the phase-shifted Fourier-domain data to form a representation of the scene,
wherein applying the multistatic-to-monostatic correction comprises:
estimating multistatic reflections of a point scatterer as sampled by the multistatic array;
estimating monostatic reflections of the point scatterer as sampled in a plane of the multistatic array; and
weighting the multistatic array data by a ratio of the monostatic reflections of the point scatterer to the multistatic reflections of the point scatterer.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the multistatic array comprises a plurality of tiled multistatic arrays and wherein acquiring the multistatic array data comprises sampling each transmitter-receiver pair in each tiled multistatic array in the plurality of tiled multistatic arrays.
3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising:
acquiring a first portion of the multistatic array data with a first tiled multistatic array in the plurality of tile multistatic arrays with a first waveform; and
acquiring a second portion of the multistatic array data with a second tiled multistatic array in the plurality of tile multistatic arrays with a second waveform orthogonal to the first waveform.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein sampling each transmitter-receiver pair in each tiled multistatic array comprises sampling only each transmitter-receiver pair in each tiled multistatic array in the plurality of tiled multistatic arrays.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein acquiring the multistatic array data further comprises sampling a grid of phase centers defined by a plurality of transmitter-receiver pairs in the multistatic array.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the grid of phase centers is a nonredundant, regularly spaced grid of equivalent phase centers.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the point scatterer is at an approximate center of the scene.
8. A method of near-field microwave imaging of a scene, the method comprising:
acquiring multistatic array data with a multistatic array;
applying a multistatic-to-monostatic correction to the multistatic array data to form corrected multistatic array data;
Fourier transforming the corrected multistatic array data to form Fourier-domain data;
applying a phase shift to the Fourier-domain data to form phase-shifted Fourier-domain data, the phase shift corresponding to a distance between the multistatic array and the scene; and
inverse Fourier transforming the phase-shifted Fourier-domain data to form a representation of the scene,
wherein acquiring the multistatic array data, applying the multistatic-to-monostatic correction, Fourier transforming the corrected multistatic array data, applying the phase shift to the Fourier-domain data, and inverse Fourier transforming the phase-shifted Fourier-domain data occurs at a rate of at least about 10 Hz.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
interpolating the corrected multistatic image data onto a uniform grid before Fourier transforming the corrected multistatic array data to form the Fourier-domain multistatic array data.
10. A system for imaging a scene, the system comprising:
a multistatic array to acquire multistatic array data representing the scene; and
a transceiver, operably coupled to the multistatic array, to transduce the multistatic array data; and
a processor, operably coupled to the transceiver, to:
apply a multistatic-to-monostatic correction to the multistatic array data to form corrected multistatic array data;
Fourier transform the corrected multistatic array data to form Fourier-domain data;
apply a phase shift to the Fourier-domain data to form phase-shifted Fourier-domain data, the phase shift corresponding to a distance between the multistatic array and the scene; and
inverse Fourier transform the phase-shifted Fourier-domain data to form a representation of the scene,
wherein the processor is configured to apply the multistatic-to-monostatic correction by:
estimating multistatic sampled reflections of a point scatterer;
estimating monostatic sampled reflections of the point scatterer; and
weighting the multistatic array data by a ratio of the monostatic sampled reflections of the point scatterer to the multistatic sampled reflections of the point scatterer.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the multistatic array comprises a plurality of tiled multistatic arrays.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein each tiled multistatic array in the plurality of tiled multistatic arrays comprises a linear transmit array configured to communicate only with adjacent linear receive arrays.
13. The system of claim 11 , wherein the plurality of tile multistatic arrays comprises:
a first tiled multistatic array configured to emit and receive a first waveform; and
a second tiled multistatic array configured to emit and receive a second waveform orthogonal to the first waveform.
14. The system of claim 10 , wherein the multistatic array comprises a plurality of transmitter-receiver pairs defining a nonredundant, uniform grid of equivalent phase centers.
15. The system of claim 10 , wherein the point scatterer is at an approximate center of the scene.
16. The system of claim 10 , wherein the processor is configured to interpolate the multistatic array data onto a uniform grid before Fourier transforming the multistatic array data to form the Fourier-domain multistatic array data.
17. A system for imaging a scene, the system comprising:
a multistatic array to acquire multistatic array data representing the scene; and
a transceiver, operably coupled to the multistatic array, to transduce the multistatic array data; and
a processor, operably coupled to the transceiver, to:
apply a multistatic-to-monostatic correction to the multistatic array data to form corrected multistatic array data;
Fourier transform the corrected multistatic array data to form Fourier-domain data;
apply a phase shift to the Fourier-domain data to form phase-shifted Fourier-domain data, the phase shift corresponding to a distance between the multistatic array and the scene; and
inverse Fourier transform the phase-shifted Fourier-domain data to form a representation of the scene,
wherein the processor is configured to apply the multistatic-to-monostatic correction, Fourier transform the corrected multistatic array data, apply the phase shift to the Fourier-domain data, and inverse Fourier transform the phase-shifted Fourier-domain data at a rate of at least about 10 Hz.
18. The system of claim 10 , wherein the processor is configured to Fourier transform the corrected multistatic array data by performing a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and to inverse Fourier transform the phase-shifted Fourier-domain data by performing an inverse Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
19. The system of claim 10 , further comprising:
a rangefinder, operably coupled to the processor, to create a depth map of the scene, and
wherein the processor is configured to restrict a size, shape, and/or position of the scene based on the depth map to reduce a computational load on the processor.
20. A system for imaging a scene, the system comprising:
a multistatic array to acquire multistatic array data representing the scene; and
a transceiver, operably coupled to the multistatic array, to transduce the multistatic array data; and
a processor, operably coupled to the transceiver, to:
apply a multistatic-to-monostatic correction to the multistatic array data to form corrected multistatic array data;
Fourier transform the corrected multistatic array data to form Fourier-domain data;
apply a phase shift to the Fourier-domain data to form phase-shifted Fourier-domain data, the phase shift corresponding to a distance between the multistatic array and the scene; and
inverse Fourier transform the phase-shifted Fourier-domain data to form a representation of the scene,
wherein the multistatic array comprises a plurality of tiled multistatic arrays, and
wherein each tiled multistatic array in the plurality of tiled multistatic arrays has a length L<R/4 given an imaging range R.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein Fourier transforming the corrected multistatic array data to form Fourier-domain data comprises performing a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and inverse Fourier transforming the phase-shifted Fourier-domain data comprises performing an inverse Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
22. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
creating a depth map of the scene with a rangefinder; and
restricting a size, shape, and/or position of the scene based on the depth map to reduce a computational load on the processor.
23. A method of near-field microwave imaging of a scene, the method comprising:
acquiring multistatic array data with a multistatic array;
applying a multistatic-to-monostatic correction to the multistatic array data to form corrected multistatic array data;
Fourier transforming the corrected multistatic array data to form Fourier-domain data;
applying a phase shift to the Fourier-domain data to form phase-shifted Fourier-domain data, the phase shift corresponding to a distance between the multistatic array and the scene; and
inverse Fourier transforming the phase-shifted Fourier-domain data to form a representation of the scene,
wherein the multistatic array comprises a plurality of tiled multistatic arrays,
wherein acquiring the multistatic array data comprises sampling each transmitter-receiver pair in each tiled multistatic array in the plurality of tiled multistatic arrays, and
wherein each tiled multistatic array in the plurality of tiled multistatic arrays has a length L<R/4 given an imaging range R.