Apparatus and method using measurements taken while drilling to generate and map mechanical boundaries and mechanical rock properties along a borehole
The present disclosure involves a novel way of using drilling vibrations generated by the deformation of a rock formation in response to forces acting on the rock formation, where the forces are related to a drill bit and/or drilling fluid system, to identify the nature and occurrence of fractures, fracture swarms and other mechanical discontinuities (boundaries) such as bedding planes and/or faults that offset or otherwise separate rock formations with different mechanical rock properties.
1. A method of characterizing rock properties comprising:
aligning acoustical signals in relation to a position of a drill bit with respect to an axis of symmetry of a rock formation, the acoustical signals obtained from one or more sensors positioned on a component of a bottom hole assembly, the acoustical signals generated from the drill bit interacting with the rock formation while drilling a wellbore;
processing the aligned acoustical signals to obtain forces acting on the drill bit interacting with the rock formation while drilling the wellbore and to obtain displacements of the drill bit interacting with the rock formation while drilling the wellbore; and
processing the forces and the displacements to obtain at least one set of data values representative of a mechanical rock property of the rock formation along the wellbore created by the drill bit interacting with the rock formation for a period of time.
2. The method of characterizing rock properties of claim 1 further comprises:
processing the aligned acoustical signals to obtain an axial displacement of the drill bit, a lateral displacement of the drill bit and an angular or rotary displacement of the drill bit;
processing the aligned acoustical signals to obtain forces acting on the drill bit interacting with the rock formation while drilling the wellbore comprises obtaining a root mean square of the axial acceleration of the drill bit, a root mean square of the lateral acceleration of the drill bit, and a root mean square of the angular or rotary acceleration of the drill bit;
scaling the forces to obtain stresses acting on the rock formation and scaling the displacements to obtain strains acting on the rock formation; and
aligning the stresses acting on the rock formation and the strains acting on the rock formation in relation to a position of the drill bit with respect to an axis of symmetry of the rock formation.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
using a stress strain relationship for processing the forces and displacements to obtain the at least one set of data values representative of a mechanical rock property of the rock formation along the wellbore created by the drill bit interacting with the rock formation for a period of time.
4. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
identifying a change in the at least one set of data values, the change representative of the drill bit crossing a mechanical rock property discontinuity while drilling the wellbore.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one set of data values includes stiffness coefficients (Cijs).
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more sensors are in operable communication with at least one data memory to store the acoustical signals.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the acoustical signals are from vibrations generated from the drill bit interacting with the rock formation while drilling the wellbore.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the acoustical signals include an axial acceleration of the drill bit and a lateral or rotary acceleration of the drill bit.
9. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
generating a well log spatially identifying mechanical rock property discontinuities along the wellbore using the mechanical rock properties, the mechanical rock property discontinuities indicative of preexisting fractures.
10. The method of characterizing rock properties of claim 2 wherein aligning the stresses acting on the rock formation and the strains acting on the rock formation in relation to a position of the drill bit with respect to an axis of symmetry of the rock formation comprises rotating a reference frame such the stresses and strains align along a principle axis of the reference frame.
11. The method of claim 5 wherein the stiffness coefficients comprise C 11 , C 12 , C 13 , C 33 , and C 55 .
12. The method of characterizing rock properties of claim 10 wherein rotating a reference frame such the stresses and strains align along a principle axis of the reference frame is with respect to a starting positon and a stopping position of the drill bit while interacting with the rock formation.
13. An apparatus comprising:
a processing unit in communication with at least one tangible machine readable media including computer executable instructions to perform the operations of:
aligning acoustical signals in relation to a position of a drill bit with respect to an axis of symmetry of a rock formation, the acoustical signals obtained from one or more sensors positioned on a component of a bottom hole assembly, the acoustical signals generated from the drill bit interacting with the rock formation while drilling a wellbore;
processing the aligned acoustical signals to obtain forces acting on the drill bit interacting with the rock formation while drilling the wellbore and to obtain displacements of the drill bit interacting with the rock formation while drilling the wellbore; and
processing the forces and the displacements to obtain at least one set of data values representative of a mechanical rock property of the rock formation along the wellbore created by the drill bit interacting with the rock formation for a period of time.
14. The apparatus of claim 13 , the computer executable instructions further to perform the operations of:
processing the aligned acoustical signals to obtain axial displacement of the drill bit, a lateral displacement of the drill bit and an angular or rotary displacement of the drill bit;
processing the aligned acoustical signals to obtain forces acting on the drill bit interacting with the rock formation while drilling the wellbore comprises obtaining a root mean square of the axial acceleration of the drill bit, a root mean square of the lateral acceleration of the drill bit, and a root mean square of the angular or rotary acceleration of the drill bit;
scaling the forces to obtain stresses acting on the rock formation and to obtain strains acting on the rock formation; and
aligning the stresses acting on the rock formation and the strains acting on the rock formation in relation to a position of the drill bit with respect to an axis of symmetry of the rock formation.
15. The apparatus of claim 13 , the computer executable instructions further to perform the operations of using a stress strain relationship for processing the forces and displacements to obtain the at least one set of data values representative of a mechanical rock property of the rock formation along the wellbore created by the drill bit interacting with the rock formation for a period of time.
16. The apparatus of claim 13 , the computer executable instructions further to perform the operation of identifying a change in the at least one set of data values, the change representative of the drill bit crossing a mechanical rock property discontinuity while drilling the wellbore.
17. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the at least one set of data values includes stiffness coefficients (Cijs).
18. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the stiffness coefficients comprise C 11 , C 12 , C 13 , C 33 , and C 55 .
19. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the one or more sensors are in operable communication with at least one data memory to store the acoustical signals.
20. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the acoustical signals are from vibrations generated from the drill bit interacting with the rock formation while drilling the wellbore.
21. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the acoustical signals include an axial acceleration of the drill bit and a lateral or rotary acceleration of the drill bit.
22. The apparatus of claim 13 , the computer executable instructions further to perform the operation of generating a well log spatially identifying mechanical rock property discontinuities along the wellbore using the mechanical rock properties, the mechanical rock property discontinuities indicative of preexisting fractures.
23. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein aligning the stresses acting on the rock formation and the strains acting on the rock formation in relation to a position of the drill bit with respect to an axis of symmetry of the rock formation comprises rotating a reference frame such the stresses and strains align along a principle axis of the reference frame.
24. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein rotating a reference frame such the stresses and strains align along a principle axis of the reference frame is with respect to a starting positon and a stopping position of the drill bit while interacting with the rock formation.
25. The method of claim 23 further comprising:
processing the aligned rate of rotation signal to obtain an axial displacement of the drill bit, a lateral displacement of the drill bit and an angular or rotary displacement of the drill bit;
processing the aligned acoustical signals to obtain forces acting on the drill bit interacting with the rock formation while drilling the wellbore comprises obtaining a root mean square of the axial acceleration of the drill bit, a root mean square of the lateral acceleration of the drill bit, and a root mean square of the angular or rotary acceleration of the drill bit;
scaling the forces to obtain stresses acting on the rock formation and scaling the displacements to obtain strains acting on the rock formation; and
aligning the stresses acting on the rock formation and the strains acting on the rock formation in relation to a position of the drill bit with respect to an axis of symmetry of the rock formation.
26. A method of characterizing rock properties comprising:
aligning acoustical signals and a rate of rotation signal with respect to an axis of symmetry of a rock formation, the acoustical signals obtained from one or more sensors positioned on a component of a bottom hole assembly, the rate of rotation signal obtained from a gyro sensor and is in relation to a position of a drill bit, the acoustical signals and the rate of rotation signal generated from the drill bit interacting with the rock formation while drilling a wellbore;
processing the aligned acoustical and the aligned rate of rotation signal to obtain forces acting on the drill bit interacting with the rock formation while drilling the wellbore and to obtain displacements of the drill bit interacting with the rock formation while drilling the wellbore; and
processing the forces and the displacements to obtain at least one set of data values representative of a mechanical rock property of the rock formation along the wellbore created by the drill bit interacting with the rock formation for a period of time.