Monoliths

1. A method of fabricating a self-wicking monolith for processing a fluid sample, the method comprising:

providing at least one hydrophilic monomer and at least one linker monomer, the at least one linker monomer having two polymerizable groups spaced apart by a linker comprising at least one —C(R) 2 O— group; wherein each R is individually a hydrogen or an organic group;

optionally wherein at least one further monomer is provided;

obtaining a polymerizable composition by combining the at least one hydrophilic monomer and the at least one linker monomer in a porogenic solvent;

polymerising the polymerizable composition to form the self-wicking monolith;

obtaining the self-wicking monolith as a polymeric matrix free of the porogenic solvent and free of any unpolymerized monomers:

forming an amplification zone configured to facilitate amplification of a target nucleic acid sequences in the fluid sample;

forming a plurality of zones, wherein the zones have different wicking properties and/or chemical properties, and wherein the forming a plurality of zones comprises at least one of the following:

forming a clean-up zone configured to perform at least one of the following:

mechanical entrapment of a component in the fluid sample to retard or prevent movement of the component through a monolith during wicking;

affinity entrapment of a component in the fluid sample to retard or prevent movement of the component through a monolith during wicking;

facilitate one or more of polynucleotide release via disruption of somatic cells, viruses, bacteria, or fungi;

cytosol release through cell lysis; or

facilitate release of an analyte through disruption of masking effects in a sample matrix of the fluid sample;

forming a reverse transcription zone configured to facilitate reverse transcription of RNA to cDNA; or

forming an indication zone configured to facilitate detection of an analyte molecule, wherein the indication zone includes a dye fluorophore or a chromophore and optionally a quencher.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the polymerizable groups of the at least one linker monomer comprises a vinylic moiety and/or wherein the linker is selected from the group consisting of:

—O—CH 2 —CH 2 —O—;

(—O—CH 2 —CH 2 —) n —O—, wherein n is selected from 2, 3, 4, or 5;

—O—CH 2 —CH(OH)—CH 2 —O—;

—O—CH 2 —CH(OH)—CH 2 —CH(OH)—CH 2 —CH(OH)—CH 2 —O—; and

—OCH 2 —C(CH 2 O—)(CH 2 CH 3 )—CH 2 O—;

and/or wherein the at least one linker monomer is selected from the group consisting of ethyleneglycol diacrylate, ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, tetra(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, and di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one hydrophilic monomer is an acrylate or methacrylate and optionally wherein the at least one hydrophilic monomer is 2 hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyacrylate, 2 hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2hydroxypropyl methacrylate or 2 hydroxypropyl acrylate.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one further monomer is functionalized and bears a moiety selected from the group consisting of:

a chemically reactive group suitable for reaction with a reactive group of a graftable compound to covalently graft the graftable compound to the monolith;

a pH sensitive group;

a group suitable for direct immobilisation of an analyte;

a dye;

a fluorophore;

a chromophore;

a quencher;

an immobilised protein; and

immobilised natural or artificial nucleic acid molecules;

optionally wherein the at least one further functionalized monomer comprises at least one of the following side chains or groups: amino, carboxyl, polyethylene glycol, alkyl, maleimide, succinimide, acyl halide, sulfhydryl or azide;

optionally wherein the at least one further functionalized monomer is an amino methacrylate, an amino acrylate, acrylic acid or methacrylic acid; and

optionally wherein the total content of the at least one further functionalized monomer is 1-3% (v/v) of the total monomer content of the polymerizable composition.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the porogenic solvent is able to dissolve solid monomers, or wherein the porogenic solvent is miscible with liquid monomers; and

the porogenic solvent is selected such that the at least one linker monomer forms clusters and precipitates from the porogenic solvent at an early point in polymerization; and/or wherein the porogenic solvent is selected from:

a binary mixture containing an alkane and an alcohol;

a binary mixture containing an aromatic solvent and an alcohol;

a binary mixture containing an alcohol and a diol;

a binary mixture containing an alcohol and water;

a ternary mixture containing an alcohol, a diol and water; and

a mixture containing at least 10% (v/v) surfactant.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein more than one composition containing the at least one hydrophilic monomer and the at least one linker monomer in a porogenic solvent is provided, wherein two of the compositions vary in at least one of:

the at least one hydrophilic monomer and/or the at least one linker monomer identity;

total non-linker monomer to the at least one linker monomer ratio;

the porogenic solvent;

the concentration of the at least one hydrophilic monomer, the at least one linker monomer, and the at least one further monomer, if present, in the solution;

the presence and identity of the at least one further monomer or

the presence and identity of an initiator;

the method further comprising a step of providing the more than one compositions at different locations within a mold prior to polymerization such that the self-wicking monolith comprises a plurality of zones, wherein different zones have different wicking properties and/or chemical properties.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein at least two zones are ordered sequentially or in parallel along an intended wicking direction of the monolith.

8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the monolith is further modified wherein the modification comprises chemical hydrolysis, covalent grafting of a graftable compound to the monolith, or impregnation of the monolith with one or more components.

9. The method of claim 6 , wherein at least one of the zones is a clean-up zone which is configured to facilitate lysis of cells or viruses in a fluid sample.

10. The method of claim 6 , wherein at least one of the zones is a reverse transcription zone which is configured to facilitate transcription of RNA to cDNA.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the forming an amplification zone comprises configuring the amplification zone for isothermal amplification.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein

the isothermal amplification is selected from the group consisting of: strand displacement amplification (SDA), rolling circle amplification (RCA), recombinase/polymerase amplification (RPA), exponential amplification reaction (EAR), helicase dependent amplification (HDA) and loop mediated amplification (LAMP).

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the configuring the amplification zone for isothermal amplification comprises:

impregnating and/or covalently grafting into the polymeric matrix: a plurality of deoxynucleotide triphosphates, at least one primer, a polymerase and a buffer, optionally at least one stabilizer and optionally at least one salt.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the at least one primer comprises:

a plurality of inner primers and a plurality of outer primers and optionally a plurality of loop primers; wherein the amplification zone is configured for loop mediated amplification (LAMP).

15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the configuring the amplification zone for isothermal amplification comprises:

impregnating and or covalently grafting into the polymeric matrix a reverse transcriptase; wherein the amplification zone is configured to facilitate reverse transcription of RNA to cDNA.

16. The method of claim 11 , wherein the configuring the amplification zone for isothermal amplification comprises:

impregnating and or covalently grafting into the polymeric matrix a dye fluorophore or a chromophore and optionally a quencher, wherein the amplification zone is configured to facilitate detection of an analyte molecule.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the obtaining the self-wicking monolith as a polymeric matrix comprises:

washing away the porogenic solvent and any unpolymerized monomers; and

drying the self-wicking monolith.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the forming the amplification zone comprises:

impregnating and/or covalently grafting into the polymeric matrix: a plurality of deoxynucleotide triphosphates, at least one primer, a polymerase a buffer, optionally at least one stabilizer and optionally at least one salt; and

impregnating and/or covalently grafting into the polymeric matrix a reverse transcriptase; wherein the amplification zone is configured to facilitate reverse transcription of RNA to cDNA.

19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the forming the amplification zone comprises:

impregnating and/or covalently grafting into the polymeric matrix a dye fluorophore or a chromophore and optionally a quencher, wherein the amplification zone is configured to facilitate detection of an analyte molecule.