Water content of a fluid of an electrowetting element
An electrowetting element comprises a first fluid and a second fluid substantially immiscible with the first fluid. Greater than or equal to 0.05 wt % and less than or equal to 15 wt % of the second fluid is water.
1. An electrowetting element comprising:
a first fluid;
a second fluid substantially immiscible with the first fluid, the second fluid comprising water, wherein a wt % of the water of the second fluid is greater than or equal to 0.05 wt % and less than or equal to 15 wt %; and
a support plate comprising:
an electrode, and
a surface in contact with at least the first fluid.
2. The electrowetting element according to claim 1 , wherein the wt % of the water of the second fluid is less than or equal to a maximum equilibrium hygroscopic amount of water.
3. The electrowetting element according to claim 1 , wherein the wt % of the water of the second fluid is less than or equal to 0.5 wt %.
4. The electrowetting element according to claim 1 , wherein the first fluid comprises a dye.
5. The electrowetting element according to claim 1 , the first fluid comprising at least one of: an oil, an alkane, or a cyclic alkane.
6. The electrowetting element according to claim 5 , wherein the oil comprises silicone oil.
7. The electrowetting element according to claim 5 , wherein the alkane comprises at least one of: hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, or pentadecane.
8. The electrowetting element according to claim 5 , wherein the cyclic alkane comprises decalin.
9. The electrowetting element according to claim 1 , wherein the first fluid comprises approximately 0 wt % of water.
10. The electrowetting element according to claim 1 , wherein a balancing wt % of the second fluid does not comprise water.
11. The electrowetting element according to claim 1 , wherein a wt % of the second fluid of less than or equal to 99.95 wt % and greater than or equal to 85 wt % does not comprise water.
12. The electrowetting element according to claim 1 , wherein the second fluid comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of:
a polyether,
a polyethylene glycol having the general formula:
wherein n is an integer,
a polyethylene glycol having the general formula:
wherein n is an integer and n=1 to 20, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 5, or 1,
a peroxide,
a polymeric diethyl ether peroxide having the general formula:
wherein n is an integer, or
a polymeric diethyl ether peroxide having the general formula:
wherein n is an integer and n=1 to 20, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 5, or 1, a derivative thereof, and a combination thereof.
13. The electrowetting element of claim 1 , wherein the second fluid comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of:
a polyol, a diol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol substituted with at least one heteroatom, propylene glycol substituted with at least one heteroatom, a triol, glycerol, butanetriol, pentanetriol, a tetraol, erythritol, a derivative thereof, and a combination thereof.
14. The electrowetting element according to claim 1 , the second fluid comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of:
an ether, dioxalane, dimethoxymethane, 1;1-dimethoxyethylene, an amide, a polyamide, a carboxylic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, glycolic acid, a heteroatom substituted carboxylic acid, a halogenated carboxylic acid, chloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, a tricarboxylic acid, citric acid, aconitric acid, an ester, methyl acetate, ethyl lactate, a sulphone, dimethyl sulphate, dimethyl sulphite, methylsulphonylmethane, an aldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, a peroxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, oxamic acid, organosulphoxide, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethylene glycol, a derivative thereof, and a combination thereof.
15. The electrowetting element according to claim 1 , wherein the second fluid comprises:
a first component selected from the group consisting of: ethylene glycol, diethyleneglycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dioxalane, glyoxal, citric acid, oxalic acid, oxamic acid, and formic acid, and
a second component different from the first component and selected from the group consisting of: erythritol, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and butanetriol.
16. The electrowetting element according to claim 15 , wherein a ratio in the second fluid of a wt % of the first component to a wt % of the second component is approximately: 90:10, 80:20, 75:25, 70:30, 65:35, 60:40, 55:45, 50:50, 45:55, 40:60, 35:65, 30:70, 25:75, 20:80, or 10:90.
17. The electrowetting element according to claim 1 , wherein the second fluid comprises at least one component each independently having a general formula comprising at least two carbon atoms and at least one oxygen atom, a ratio of the at least one oxygen atom to the at least two carbon atoms being greater than 1:2.
18. The electrowetting element according to claim 1 , wherein the second fluid has a surface tension of at least one of:
greater than 30,
greater than 35,
greater than 40, or
greater than 45 mN m −1 .
19. The electrowetting element according to claim 1 , wherein, by application of a voltage between the second fluid and the electrode, the first fluid and the second fluid are switchable between:
a first configuration with the first fluid in contact with an area of the surface; and
a second configuration with the second fluid in contact with the area of the surface.
20. A display apparatus comprising:
an electrowetting element comprising:
a first fluid;
a second fluid substantially immiscible with the first fluid, the second fluid comprising water, wherein a wt % of the water of the second fluid is greater than or equal to 0.05 wt % and less than or equal to 15 wt %; and
a support plate comprising:
an electrode, and
a surface in contact with at least the first fluid; and
a display driving system for controlling application of a voltage between the electrode and the second fluid to switch the first fluid and the second fluid between:
a first configuration with the first fluid in contact with an area of the surface, and
a second configuration with the second fluid in contact with the area of the surface.
21. The display apparatus of claim 20 , wherein the wt % of the water of the second fluid is less than or equal to a maximum equilibrium hygroscopic amount of water.
22. The display apparatus of claim 20 , wherein the wt % of the water of the second fluid is less than or equal to 0.5 wt %.
23. The display apparatus of claim 20 , wherein at least one of:
the first fluid comprises a dye;
the first fluid comprises at least one of: an oil, an alkane, or a cyclic alkane;
the first fluid comprises silicone oil;
the first fluid comprises at least one of: hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, or pentadecane; or
the first fluid comprises decalin.
24. The display apparatus of claim 20 , wherein the first fluid comprises approximately 0 wt % of water.
25. The display apparatus of claim 20 , wherein a balancing wt % of the second fluid does not comprise water.
26. The display apparatus of claim 20 , wherein a wt % of the second fluid of less than or equal to 99.95 wt % and greater than or equal to 85 wt % does not comprise water.
27. The display apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second fluid comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of:
a polyether, a polyethylene glycol having the general formula:
wherein n is an integer,
a polyethylene glycol having the general formula:
wherein n is an integer and n=1 to 20, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 5, or 1,
a peroxide,
a polymeric diethyl ether peroxide having the general formula:
wherein n is an integer,
a polymeric diethyl ether peroxide having the general formula:
wherein n is an integer and n=1 to 20, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 5, or 1, a polyol, a diol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol substituted with at least one heteroatom, propylene glycol substituted with at least one heteroatom, a triol, glycerol, butanetriol, pentanetriol, a tetraol, erythritol, a derivative thereof, and a combination thereof.
28. The display apparatus of claim 20 , wherein the second fluid comprises:
a first component selected from the group consisting of: ethylene glycol, diethyleneglycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dioxalane, glyoxal, citric acid, oxalic acid, oxamic acid, and formic acid, and
a second component different from the first component and selected from the group consisting of: erythritol, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and butanetriol.
29. The display apparatus of claim 20 , the display driving system comprising:
a driver stage with an output for at least one signal to apply the voltage between the electrode and the second fluid;
a controller connected to the driver stage and configured to, in response to a data signal input to the display driving system, control the driver stage to output the at least one signal.