Down-mixing compensation for audio watermarking
Example methods, apparatus, systems and articles of manufacture to implement down-mixing compensation for audio watermarking are disclosed. Example watermark embedding methods disclosed herein include determining a first attenuation factor associated with a first audio channel of a multi-channel audio signal based on first down-mixed audio samples obtained from down-mixing the first audio channel and a second audio channel of the multi-channel audio signal, determining a second attenuation factor associated with a third audio channel of the multi-channel audio signal based on second down-mixed audio samples obtained from down-mixing the second audio channel and the third audio channel of the multi-channel audio signal, selecting one of the first attenuation factor or the second attenuation factor to be a third attenuation factor associated with the second audio channel of the multi-channel audio signal, and embedding a watermark in the second audio channel based on the third attenuation factor.
1. An apparatus comprising:
a watermark compensator to:
determine a first attenuation factor associated with a first audio channel of a multi-channel audio signal based on first down-mixed audio samples obtained from down-mixing the first audio channel and a second audio channel of the multi-channel audio signal;
determine a second attenuation factor associated with a third audio channel of the multi-channel audio signal based on second down-mixed audio samples obtained from down-mixing the second audio channel and the third audio channel of the multi-channel audio signal; and
select one of the first attenuation factor or the second attenuation factor to be a third attenuation factor associated with the second audio channel of the multi-channel audio signal; and
a watermark embedder to embed a watermark in the second audio channel based on the third attenuation factor.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first audio channel is a left audio channel, the second audio channel is a center audio channel, and the third audio channel is a right audio channel.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the watermark compensator is to select a smallest one of the first attenuation factor and the second attenuation factor to be the third attenuation factor.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first attenuation factor is associated with a first audio band of the first audio channel, the second attenuation factor is associated with a first audio band of the third audio channel, the third attenuation factor is associated with a first audio band of the second audio channel, and the watermark compensator is further to:
determine a fourth attenuation factor associated with a second audio band of the first audio channel based on the first down-mixed audio samples obtained from down-mixing the first audio channel and the second audio channel;
determine a fifth attenuation factor associated with a second band of the third audio channel signal based on the second down-mixed audio samples obtained from down-mixing the second audio channel and the third audio channel of the multi-channel audio signal; and
select one of the fourth attenuation factor or the fifth attenuation factor to be a sixth attenuation factor associated with a second audio band of the second audio channel.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the watermark compensator is to determine the first attenuation factor further based on a first ratio of a first energy to a second energy, the first energy determined from a first one of a plurality of blocks of the first down-mixed audio samples, the second energy determined from the plurality of blocks of the first down-mixed audio samples, and the watermark compensator is to determine the second attenuation factor further based on a second ratio of a third energy to a fourth energy, the third energy determined from a first one of a plurality of blocks of the second down-mixed audio samples, the fourth energy determined from the plurality of blocks of the second down-mixed audio samples.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the watermark compensator is to determine the first attenuation factor further based on the first ratio and a scale factor, and the watermark compensator is to determine the second attenuation factor further based on the second ratio and the scale factor.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the watermark embedder is to embed the watermark in the second audio channel further based on the second attenuation factor and a masking ratio.
8. A watermark embedding method comprising:
determining, by executing an instruction with a processor, a first attenuation factor associated with a first audio channel of a multi-channel audio signal based on first down-mixed audio samples obtained from down-mixing the first audio channel and a second audio channel of the multi-channel audio signal;
determining, by executing an instruction with the processor, a second attenuation factor associated with a third audio channel of the multi-channel audio signal based on second down-mixed audio samples obtained from down-mixing the second audio channel and the third audio channel of the multi-channel audio signal;
selecting, by executing an instruction with the processor, one of the first attenuation factor or the second attenuation factor to be a third attenuation factor associated with the second audio channel of the multi-channel audio signal; and
embedding, by executing an instruction with the processor, a watermark in the second audio channel based on the third attenuation factor.
9. The watermark embedding method of claim 8 , wherein the first audio channel is a left audio channel, the second audio channel is a center audio channel, and the third audio channel is a right audio channel.
10. The watermark embedding method of claim 8 , wherein the selecting includes selecting a smallest one of the first attenuation factor and the second attenuation factor to be the third attenuation factor.
11. The watermark embedding method of claim 8 , wherein the first attenuation factor is associated with a first audio band of the first audio channel, the second attenuation factor is associated with a first audio band of the third audio channel, the third attenuation factor is associated with a first audio band of the second audio channel, and further including:
determining a fourth attenuation factor associated with a second audio band of the first audio channel based on the first down-mixed audio samples obtained from down-mixing the first audio channel and the second audio channel;
determining a fifth attenuation factor associated with a second band of the third audio channel signal based on the second down-mixed audio samples obtained from down-mixing the second audio channel and the third audio channel of the multi-channel audio signal; and
selecting one of the fourth attenuation factor or the fifth attenuation factor to be a sixth attenuation factor associated with a second audio band of the second audio channel.
12. The watermark embedding method of claim 8 , wherein the determining of the first attenuation factor is further based on a first ratio of a first energy to a second energy, the first energy determined from a first one of a plurality of blocks of the first down-mixed audio samples, the second energy determined from the plurality of blocks of the first down-mixed audio samples, and the determining of the second attenuation factor is further based on a second ratio of a third energy to a fourth energy, the third energy determined from a first one of a plurality of blocks of the second down-mixed audio samples, the fourth energy determined from the plurality of blocks of the second down-mixed audio samples.
13. The watermark embedding method of claim 12 , wherein the determining of the first attenuation factor is further based on the first ratio and a scale factor, and the determining of the second attenuation factor is further based on the second ratio and the scale factor.
14. The watermark embedding method of claim 8 , wherein the embedding of the watermark is further based on the second attenuation factor and a masking ratio.
15. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising computer readable instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to at least:
determine a first attenuation factor associated with a first audio channel of a multi-channel audio signal based on first down-mixed audio samples obtained from down-mixing the first audio channel and a second audio channel of the multi-channel audio signal;
determine a second attenuation factor associated with a third audio channel of the multi-channel audio signal based on second down-mixed audio samples obtained from down-mixing the second audio channel and the third audio channel of the multi-channel audio signal;
select one of the first attenuation factor or the second attenuation factor to be a third attenuation factor associated with the second audio channel of the multi-channel audio signal; and
embed a watermark in the second audio channel based on the third attenuation factor.
16. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15 , wherein the first audio channel is a left audio channel, the second audio channel is a center audio channel, and the third audio channel is a right audio channel.
17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15 , wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the processor to select a smallest one of the first attenuation factor and the second attenuation factor to be the third attenuation factor.
18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15 , wherein the first attenuation factor is associated with a first audio band of the first audio channel, the second attenuation factor is associated with a first audio band of the third audio channel, the third attenuation factor is associated with a first audio band of the second audio channel, and the instructions, when executed, further cause the processor to:
determine a fourth attenuation factor associated with a second audio band of the first audio channel based on the first down-mixed audio samples obtained from down-mixing the first audio channel and the second audio channel;
determine a fifth attenuation factor associated with a second band of the third audio channel signal based on the second down-mixed audio samples obtained from down-mixing the second audio channel and the third audio channel of the multi-channel audio signal; and
select one of the fourth attenuation factor or the fifth attenuation factor to be a sixth attenuation factor associated with a second audio band of the second audio channel.
19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15 , wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the processor to determine the first attenuation factor further based on a first ratio of a first energy to a second energy, the first energy determined from a first one of a plurality of blocks of the first down-mixed audio samples, the second energy determined from the plurality of blocks of the first down-mixed audio samples, and the instructions, when executed, cause the processor to determine the second attenuation factor further based on a second ratio of a third energy to a fourth energy, the third energy determined from a first one of a plurality of blocks of the second down-mixed audio samples, the fourth energy determined from the plurality of blocks of the second down-mixed audio samples.
20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 19 , wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the processor to determine the first attenuation factor further based on the first ratio and a scale factor, and the instructions, when executed, cause the processor to determine the second attenuation factor further based on the second ratio and the scale factor.