Electrophoretic media including charge control agents comprising quartenary amines and unsaturated polymeric tails
Improved formulations of electrophoretic media that can be incorporated into displays, front plane laminates, inverted front plane laminates, or color changing films. The formulations include a non-polar fluid, a plurality of first charged particles, and charge control agents (CCA) including a quaternary amine and an unsaturated polymeric tail comprising monomers of at least 10 carbon atoms in length. The formulations show improved switching speeds, as well as a larger dynamic range at low temperatures (i.e., below about 0° C.), where compared to state-of-the-art electrophoretic media.
1. An electrophoretic medium comprising:
(a) a non-polar fluid;
(b) a plurality of first charged particles;
(c) a plurality of second charged particles; and
(d) a charge control agent comprising a quaternary amine and an unsaturated polymeric tail having at least one carbon-carbon double bond comprising monomers of at least 10 carbon atoms in length;
wherein the first and second charged particles have opposite polarities and move in opposite directions through the non-polar fluid under the influence of an electric field; and
wherein the first charged particles are complexed with the charge control agent.
2. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the electrophoretic medium is dispersed in a polymer.
3. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric tail comprises monomers of at least 14 carbon atoms in length.
4. The electrophoretic medium of claim 3 , wherein each monomer comprises at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
5. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric tail comprises a polyester or a poly secondary alcohol.
6. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the first charged particles comprise titania, carbon black, or copper chromite.
7. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of charge control agent to first charged particles is greater than 1:500 (wt/wt).
8. The electrophoretic medium of claim 7 , wherein the conductivity of the electrophoretic medium is less than 300 pS/m.
9. The electrophoretic medium of claim 7 , wherein the first charged particles will move through the non-polar fluid at a speed of greater than 50 μm/s in a field of 300 kV/m when the electrophoretic medium is at a temperature of 0° C.
10. The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of third charged particles, wherein the first, second, or third charged particles are red, green, blue, cyan, yellow, or magenta.