Coordinated top electrode—drive electrode voltages for switching optical state of electrophoretic displays using positive and negative voltages of different magnitudes
A system for simplified driving of electrophoretic media using a positive and a negative voltage source, where the voltage sources have different magnitudes, and a controller that cycles the top electrode between the two voltage sources and ground while coordinating driving at least two drive electrodes opposed to the top electrode. The resulting system can achieve roughly the same color states as compared to supplying each drive electrode with six independent drive levels and ground. Thus, the system simplifies the required electronics with only marginal loss in color gamut. The system is particularly useful for addressing an electrophoretic medium including four sets of different particles, e.g., wherein three of the particles are colored and subtractive and one of the particles is light-scattering.
1. A system for driving an electrophoretic medium, comprising:
an electrophoretic display including,
a light-transmissive top electrode at a viewing surface,
a first drive electrode,
a second drive electrode,
an electrophoretic medium disposed between the top electrode and the first and second drive electrodes, wherein the electrophoretic medium comprises a non-polar fluid and four sets of particles having different optical properties, and wherein the first and second sets of particles bear charges of opposite polarity, the third and fourth sets of particles bear charges of opposite polarity, the first particle is a light-scattering particle, and the second, third, and fourth sets of particles are each a subtractive primary color different from each other;
a power source capable of providing a positive voltage and a negative voltage, where the magnitude of the positive voltage and the magnitude of the negative voltage differ by at least six volts;
a controller coupled to the top electrode driver, the first drive electrode driver, and the second drive electrode driver, the controller configured to provide:
in a first frame, the positive voltage to the top electrode, the negative voltage to the first drive electrode, and the positive voltage to the second drive electrode,
in a second frame, the negative voltage to the top electrode, the negative voltage to the first drive electrode, and the negative voltage to the second drive electrode,
in a third frame, the ground voltage to the top electrode, the ground voltage to the first drive electrode, and the positive voltage to the second drive electrode, and
in a fourth frame, the positive voltage to the top electrode, the positive voltage to the first drive electrode, and the positive voltage to the second drive electrode.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to further provide:
in a fifth frame, the negative voltage to the top electrode, the ground voltage to the first drive electrode, and the negative voltage to the second drive electrode, and
in a sixth frame, the ground voltage to the top electrode, the ground voltage to the first drive electrode, and the ground voltage to the second drive electrode.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the electrophoretic medium is encapsulated in a plurality of microcapsules and the microcapsules are dispersed in a polymer binder between the top electrode and the first and second drive electrodes.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the electrophoretic medium is encapsulated in an array of microcells having openings wherein the openings are sealed with a polymer binder, and the array of microcells is disposed between the top electrode and the first and second drive electrodes.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to provide combinations of the positive voltage, the negative voltage, and the ground voltage to the top electrode and the first drive electrode such that the colors white, yellow, red, magenta, blue, cyan, green, and black can be displayed at the viewing surface.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the positive voltage is +15V and the negative voltage is −9V.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the positive voltage is +9V and the negative voltage is −15V.
8. A system for driving an electrophoretic medium, comprising:
an electrophoretic display including,
a light-transmissive top electrode at a viewing surface,
a first drive electrode,
a second drive electrode,
an electrophoretic medium disposed between the top electrode and the first and second drive electrodes, wherein the electrophoretic medium comprises a non-polar fluid and four sets of particles having different optical properties, and wherein the first and second sets of particles bear charges of opposite polarity, the third and fourth sets of particles bear charges of opposite polarity, the first particle is a light-scattering particle, and the second, third, and fourth sets of particles are each a subtractive primary color different from each other;
a power source capable of providing a positive voltage and a negative voltage, where the magnitude of the positive voltage and the magnitude of the negative voltage differ by at least six volts;
a controller coupled to the top electrode driver, the first drive electrode driver, and the second drive electrode driver, the controller configured to provide:
in a first frame, the positive voltage to the top electrode, the negative voltage to the first drive electrode, and the positive voltage to the second drive electrode,
in a second frame, the negative voltage to the top electrode, the negative voltage to the first drive electrode, and the negative voltage to the second drive electrode,
in a third frame, the ground voltage to the top electrode, the ground voltage to the first drive electrode, and the ground voltage to the second drive electrode, and
in a fourth frame, the positive voltage to the top electrode, the positive voltage to the first drive electrode, and the positive voltage to the second drive electrode.
9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the controller is configured to further provide:
in a fifth frame, the negative voltage to the top electrode, the ground voltage to the first drive electrode, and the negative voltage to the second drive electrode, and
in a sixth frame, the ground voltage to the top electrode, the ground voltage to the first drive electrode, and the ground voltage to the second drive electrode.
10. The system of claim 8 , wherein the electrophoretic medium is encapsulated in a plurality of microcapsules and the microcapsules are dispersed in a polymer binder between the top electrode and the first and second drive electrodes.
11. The system of claim 8 , wherein the electrophoretic medium is encapsulated in an array of microcells having openings wherein the openings are sealed with a polymer binder, and the array of microcells is disposed between the top electrode and the first and second drive electrodes.
12. The system of claim 8 , wherein the controller is configured to provide combinations of the positive voltage, the negative voltage, and the ground voltage to the top electrode and the first drive electrode such that the colors white, yellow, red, magenta, blue, cyan, green, and black can be displayed at the viewing surface.
13. The system of claim 8 , wherein the positive voltage is +15V and the negative voltage is −9V.
14. The system of claim 8 , wherein the positive voltage is +9V and the negative voltage is −15V.
15. A system for driving an electrophoretic medium, comprising:
an electrophoretic display including,
a light-transmissive top electrode at a viewing surface,
a first drive electrode,
a second drive electrode,
an electrophoretic medium disposed between the top electrode and the first and second drive electrodes, wherein the electrophoretic medium comprises a non-polar fluid and four sets of particles having different optical properties, and wherein the first and second sets of particles bear charges of opposite polarity, the third and fourth sets of particles bear the same charge as the second particle, the first particle is a light-scattering particle, and the second, third, and fourth sets of particles are each a subtractive primary color different from each other;
a power source capable of providing a positive voltage and a negative voltage, where the magnitude of the positive voltage and the magnitude of the negative voltage differ by at least six volts;
a controller coupled to the top electrode driver, the first drive electrode driver, and the second drive electrode driver, the controller configured to provide:
in a first frame, the positive voltage to the top electrode, the negative voltage to the first drive electrode, and the positive voltage to the second drive electrode,
in a second frame, the negative voltage to the top electrode, the negative voltage to the first drive electrode, and the negative voltage to the second drive electrode,
in a third frame, the ground voltage to the top electrode, the ground voltage to the first drive electrode, and the positive voltage to the second drive electrode, and
in a fourth frame, the positive voltage to the top electrode, the positive voltage to the first drive electrode, and the positive voltage to the second drive electrode.
16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the controller is configured to further provide:
in a fifth frame, the negative voltage to the top electrode, the ground voltage to the first drive electrode, and the negative voltage to the second drive electrode, and
in a sixth frame, the ground voltage to the top electrode, the ground voltage to the first drive electrode, and the ground voltage to the second drive electrode.
17. The system of claim 15 , wherein the controller is configured to provide combinations of the positive voltage, the negative voltage, and the ground voltage to the top electrode and the first drive electrode such that the colors white, yellow, red, magenta, blue, cyan, green, and black can be displayed at the viewing surface.
18. The system of claim 15 , wherein the positive voltage is +15V and the negative voltage is −9V.
19. The system of claim 15 , wherein the positive voltage is +9V and the negative voltage is −15V.
20. A system for driving an electrophoretic medium, comprising:
an electrophoretic display including,
a light-transmissive top electrode at a viewing surface,
a first drive electrode,
a second drive electrode,
an electrophoretic medium disposed between the top electrode and the first and second drive electrodes, wherein the electrophoretic medium comprises a non-polar fluid and four sets of particles having different optical properties, and wherein the first and second sets of particles bear charges of opposite polarity, the third and fourth sets of particles bear the same charge as the second particle, the first particle is a light-scattering particle, and the second, third, and fourth sets of particles are each a subtractive primary color different from each other;
a power source capable of providing a positive voltage and a negative voltage, where the magnitude of the positive voltage and the magnitude of the negative voltage differ by at least six volts;
a controller coupled to the top electrode driver, the first drive electrode driver, and the second drive electrode driver, the controller configured to provide:
in a first frame, the positive voltage to the top electrode, the negative voltage to the first drive electrode, and the positive voltage to the second drive electrode,
in a second frame, the negative voltage to the top electrode, the negative voltage to the first drive electrode, and the negative voltage to the second drive electrode,
in a third frame, the ground voltage to the top electrode, the ground voltage to the first drive electrode, and the ground voltage to the second drive electrode, and
in a fourth frame, the positive voltage to the top electrode, the positive voltage to the first drive electrode, and the positive voltage to the second drive electrode.
21. The system of claim 20 , wherein the controller is configured to further provide:
in a fifth frame, the negative voltage to the top electrode, the ground voltage to the first drive electrode, and the negative voltage to the second drive electrode, and
in a sixth frame, the ground voltage to the top electrode, the ground voltage to the first drive electrode, and the ground voltage to the second drive electrode.
22. The system of claim 20 , wherein the controller is configured to provide combinations of the positive voltage, the negative voltage, and the ground voltage to the top electrode and the first drive electrode such that the colors white, yellow, red, magenta, blue, cyan, green, and black can be displayed at the viewing surface.
23. The system of claim 20 , wherein the positive voltage is +15V and the negative voltage is −9V.
24. The system of claim 20 , wherein the positive voltage is +9V and the negative voltage is −15V.