Acoustophoretic separation technology using multi-dimensional standing waves
A system having improved trapping force for acoustophoresis is described where the trapping force is improved by manipulation of the frequency of the ultrasonic transducer. The transducer includes a ceramic crystal. The crystal may be directly exposed to fluid flow. The crystal may be air backed, resulting in a higher Q factor.
1. An apparatus, comprising:
a flow chamber that includes at least one inlet and at least one outlet;
at least one ultrasonic transducer coupled to the flow chamber, the transducer including a piezoelectric material that is configured to be driven in a higher order mode by a voltage signal that creates a displacement profile containing a harmonic of a fundamental longitudinal mode, resulting in a multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave in the flow chamber; and
a reflector across the flow chamber from the at least one ultrasonic transducer.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave results in an acoustic radiation force with an axial force component and a lateral force component that are of the same order of magnitude.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave traps particles in a flow field with a linear velocity of from 0.1 millimeter/second to greater than 1 centimeter/second.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric material is rectangular in shape.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave is a three-dimensional standing wave.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reflector includes a non-planar surface.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
an apparatus inlet that leads to an annular plenum;
a contoured nozzle wall downstream of the apparatus inlet;
a collection duct surrounded by the annular plenum; and
a connecting duct joining the contoured nozzle wall to the flow chamber inlet.
8. A method for continuously separating a second fluid or a particulate from a host fluid, comprising:
flowing a mixture of the host fluid and the second fluid or particulate through an apparatus, the apparatus comprising:
a flow chamber that includes at least one inlet and at least one outlet;
at least one ultrasonic transducer coupled to the flow chamber, the transducer including a piezoelectric material; and
a reflector across the flow chamber from the at least one ultrasonic transducer; and
applying a voltage signal to drive the at least one ultrasonic transducer to vibrate in a higher order mode that creates a displacement profile containing a harmonic of a fundamental longitudinal mode, resulting in a multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave in the flow chamber;
wherein the second fluid or particulate is continuously trapped in the multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave, and then agglomerates, aggregates, clumps, or coalesces together, and subsequently rises or settles out of the host fluid due to buoyancy or gravity forces.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the harmonic is a function of a width to thickness ratio or a length to thickness ratio of the piezoelectric material.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the displacement profile of the at least one ultrasonic transducer is symmetric with respect to a neutral axis of the piezoelectric material.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the displacement profile of the at least one ultrasonic transducer varies across a width and a length of the piezoelectric material.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave results in an acoustic radiation force that includes an axial force component and a lateral force component that are of the same order of magnitude.
13. The method of claim 8 , wherein the multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave is a three-dimensional acoustic standing wave.
14. The method of claim 8 , wherein the particulate is Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, NS0 hybridoma cells, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, or human cells.
15. The method of claim 8 , wherein greater than 90% of the particulate is separated from the host fluid on a volume basis.
16. The method of claim 8 , wherein a waveform of the voltage signal is a sinusoidal, square, sawtooth, triangle, or pulsed waveform.
17. The method of claim 8 , wherein a frequency of the voltage signal is 100 kHz to 10 MHz.
18. The method of claim 8 , wherein the mixture of the host fluid and the second fluid or particulate flows through the flow chamber at a rate of at least 0.25 liters/hour.
19. A method for continuously separating a second fluid or a particulate from a host fluid, comprising:
flowing a mixture of the host fluid and the second fluid or particulate through an apparatus, the apparatus comprising:
a flow chamber that includes at least one inlet and at least one outlet;
at least one ultrasonic transducer coupled to the flow chamber, the transducer including a piezoelectric material that is configured to be driven by a voltage signal to create a multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave in the flow chamber; and
a reflector across the flow chamber from the at least one ultrasonic transducer;
sending a voltage signal to drive the at least one ultrasonic transducer to create the multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave, such that the second fluid or particulate is continuously trapped in the acoustic standing wave, and then agglomerates, aggregates, clumps, or coalesces together, and subsequently rises or settles out of the host fluid due to buoyancy or gravity forces.