Methods and systems for carbon nanofiber production

1. A method of producing carbon nano-materials, the method comprising:

(a) utilizing sunlight to heat a combined heating and electrolysis chamber containing an electrolyte consisting essentially of a carbonate material;

(b) inserting an anode and a cathode into the electrolyte once melted;

(c) providing a transition metal nucleating agent in the molten electrolyte by (i) dissolution of the transition metal nucleating agent from the anode or (ii) addition of the transition metal nucleating agent as a transition metal salt to the molten electrolyte, wherein the transition metal nucleating agent is selected from nickel, iron, cobalt, copper, titanium, chromium, manganese, zirconium, molybdenum, silver, cadmium, vanadium, tin, ruthenium, and any combination thereof;

(d) injecting carbon dioxide into the electrolyte, wherein the carbon dioxide is supplied from a fossil fuel combustion chamber; and

(e) generating an electrolysis reaction between the anode and the cathode to (i) form deposits of the transition metal nucleating agent on the cathode which act as nucleating sites and (ii) subsequently produce oxygen and carbon products which are predominantly grown at the nucleation sites as carbon nano-materials,

wherein (i) the carbon nano-material is a carbon nano-fiber, a carbon nano-tube, or both, and (ii) at least 80% of the carbon produced is carbon nanomaterials.

2. A method of producing carbon nano-materials, the method comprising:

(a) utilizing sunlight to heat a combined heating and electrolysis chamber containing an electrolyte consisting essentially of a carbonate material;

(b) inserting an anode and a cathode into the electrolyte once melted;

(c) providing a transition metal nucleating agent in the molten electrolyte, wherein the transition metal nucleating agent is selected from nickel, iron, cobalt, copper, titanium, chromium, manganese, zirconium, molybdenum, silver, cadmium, tin, ruthenium, and any combination thereof;

(d) injecting carbon dioxide into the electrolyte, wherein the carbon dioxide is supplied from a fossil fuel combustion chamber; and

(e) generating an electrolysis reaction between the anode and the cathode to (i) form deposits of the transition metal nucleating agent on the cathode which act as nucleating sites and (ii) subsequently produce oxygen and carbon products which are predominantly grown at the nucleation sites as carbon nano-materials,

wherein the transition metal nucleating agent is nickel and the electrolysis reaction is performed at an initial current density of about 5 mA/cm 2 , the current density is then increased from about 5 mA/cm 2 to about 100 mA/cm 2 , then maintained at a current density of between about 20 and about 1000 mA/cm 2 .

3. The method of claim 1 or 2 , further comprising the step of combusting a fossil fuel in the fossil fuel combustion chamber, such that carbon dioxide is generated and supplied to the combined heating and electrolysis chamber.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the carbon dioxide is supplied to the combined heating and electrolysis chamber by being circulated through an exhaust conduit.

5. The method of claim 1 or 2 , further comprising at least partially heating the solar powered heating and electrolysis chamber by a flue exhaust gas entering the combined heating and electrolysis chamber via an exhaust conduit.

6. The method of claim 1 or 2 , wherein the fossil fuel combustion chamber is a coal combustion chamber.

7. The method of claim 1 or 2 , further comprising the step of mixing the oxygen with atmospheric air after step (e).

8. The method of claim 1 or 2 , wherein the cathode comprises steel, iron, nickel, carbon, cobalt, copper, manganese, iridium, a metal, an alloy of the foregoing, or any combination of the foregoing.

9. The method of claim 1 or 2 , wherein the anode comprises nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, carbon, iridium, a metal, carbon, or an alloy resistant to oxidation and sustaining oxygen generation at low overvoltage.

10. The method of claim 1 or 2 , wherein the carbonate is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal carbonates, alkali earth metal carbonates, and any combination thereof.

11. The method of claim 1 or 2 , further comprising supplying the carbon dioxide to the combined heating and electrolysis chamber via an exhaust conduit, such that when a current is applied between the anode and the cathode, the carbonate material is electrolyzed into oxygen and carbon nano-materials.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the oxygen is produced at the anode and the carbon nano-materials are produced at the cathode.

13. The method of claim 1 or 2 , further comprising providing the carbon dioxide in the form of a flue gas that has as much as 15% by volume carbon dioxide.

14. The method of claim 1 or 2 , further comprising the step of circulating the oxygen to the fossil fuel combustion chamber after step (e).

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the oxygen is mixed with atmospheric air before being circulated to the fossil fuel combustion chamber.

16. The method of claim 1 or 2 , further comprising the step of collecting the carbon nano-materials from the combined heating and electrolysis chamber after step (e).

17. The method of claim 1 or 2 , wherein the electrolysis reaction is powered by a source of renewable, low CO 2 emission fossil fuel, solar, coal, natural gas, wind, hydrothermal or nuclear energy.

18. The method of claim 1 or 2 , wherein the transition metal nucleating agent is selected from the group consisting of nickel, iron, cobalt, copper, titanium, chromium, manganese, zirconium, molybdenum, silver, cadmium, tin, ruthenium, and any combination thereof.

19. The method of claim 1 or 2 , wherein the transition metal nucleating agent is added as a dissolved transition metal salt to the molten electrolyte to migrate onto the cathode.

20. The method of claim 1 or 2 , wherein the transition metal nucleating agent is added by dissolution of a transition metal from the anode to migrate through the molten electrolyte onto the cathode.

21. The method of claim 1 or 2 , wherein carbon dioxide chemically reacts with an oxide to form carbonate, followed by electrochemical reduction of the carbonate to oxide at the cathode.

22. The method of claim 1 or 2 , wherein the transition metal nucleating agent is nickel and the electrolysis reaction is performed at a current density of between about 5 and about 1000 mA/cm 2 .

23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transition metal nucleating agent is nickel and the electrolysis reaction is performed at a current density of between about 5 and about 100 mA/cm 2 .

24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrolysis reaction is conducted at a temperature between about 600° C. and about 950° C.

25. A method of producing carbon nano-materials, the method comprising:

heating a combined heating and electrolysis chamber containing an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte consisting essentially of a carbonate material in order to melt the carbonate material;

injecting carbon dioxide into the electrolyte, wherein the carbon dioxide is supplied from a fossil fuel combustion chamber; and

generating an electrolysis reaction of the carbonate material between the anode and the cathode with a transition metal nucleating agent present in the electrolysis chamber, to (i) form deposits of the transition metal nucleating agent on the cathode which act as nucleation sites and (ii) subsequently produce oxygen and carbon products which are predominantly grown at the nucleation sites as carbon nano-materials, wherein (a) the transition metal nucleating agent is selected from nickel, iron, cobalt, copper, titanium, chromium, manganese, zirconium, molybdenum, silver, cadmium, vanadium, tin, ruthenium, and any combination thereof, and (b) the transition metal nucleating agent is provided in the molten electrolyte by (i) dissolution of the transition metal nucleating agent from the anode or (ii) addition of the transition metal nucleating agent as a transition metal salt to the molten electrolyte,

wherein the carbon nano-material is a carbon nano-fiber, a carbon nano-tube, or both.

26. The method of claim 25 , wherein the electrolysis chamber comprises a heat source to melt the electrolyte.

27. The method of claim 25 , wherein sunlight is utilized as a heat source to melt the electrolyte.

28. A method of producing carbon nano-materials, the method comprising:

heating a combined heating and electrolysis chamber containing an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte consisting essentially of a carbonate material in order to melt the carbonate material;

injecting carbon dioxide into the electrolyte, wherein the carbon dioxide is supplied from a fossil fuel combustion chamber; and

generating an electrolysis reaction of the carbonate material between the anode and the cathode with a transition metal nucleating agent present in the electrolysis chamber, to (i) form deposits of the transition metal nucleating agent on the cathode which act as nucleation sites and (ii) subsequently produce oxygen and carbon products which are predominantly grown at the nucleation sites as carbon nano-materials, wherein the transition metal nucleating agent is selected from nickel, iron, cobalt, copper, titanium, chromium, manganese, zirconium, molybdenum, silver, cadmium, tin, ruthenium, and any combination thereof,

wherein the transition metal nucleating agent is nickel and the electrolysis reaction is performed at an initial current density of about 5 mA/cm 2 , the current density is then increased from about 5 mA/cm 2 to about 100 mA/cm 2 , then maintained at a current density of between about 20 and about 1000 mA/cm 2 .

29. The method of claim 25 or 28 , wherein the electrolysis reaction is conducted at a temperature between about 600° C. and about 950° C.