METAL DEPOSITS, COMPOSITIONS, AND METHODS FOR MAKING THE SAME
Provided herein is a composition for forming a metal deposit on a substrate. The composition consists essentially of a carboxamide, trialkylamine chloride, and a metal salt. The carboxamide comprises Formula (I). The trialkylamine chloride and the carboxamide are in molar ratio between 1:1 and 1:30 to form an ionic liquid. The trialkylamine chloride is trimethylamine chloride (TMACl), triethylamine chloride (TEACl), triethanolamine chloride, or combinations thereof. The metal salt has the formula MX y , wherein M is a metal, X is a halide, and y is an oxidation number of M, the metal salt being in a concentration between about 0.2 and about 1.5 moles per liter of the ionic liquid. The metal deposit has an average grain size between about 0.2 μm and about 3 μm and contains less than about 1 mol % of each oxygen, carbon, and chlorine.
1 . A metal deposit formed on a substrate,
the metal deposit being formed from a composition comprising: a carboxamide, a trialkylamine hydrochloride, and a metal salt;
the carboxamide comprising Formula (I):
wherein n is 1 to 6;
each Q is O;
R 1 is independently chosen from H or alkyl, and R 3 is NR 4 R 5 ; or R 1 and R 3 are taken together to form a ring; and
each R 2 , R 4 , and R 5 is independently chosen from H or alkyl;
the trialkylamine hydrochloride being selected from the group consisting of trimethylamine hydrochloride (TMA-HCl), triethylamine hydrochloride (TEA-HCl), triethanolamine hydrochloride, and combinations thereof; and
the metal salt having the formula MX y , wherein M is a metal, X is a halide, and y is an oxidation number of M;
wherein the trialkylamine hydrochloride and the carboxamide are present in the composition in molar ratio between 1:1 and 1:30 to form an ionic liquid, and the metal salt is present in the composition in a concentration between about 0.2 and about 1.5 moles per liter of the ionic liquid; and
wherein the metal deposit is formed on the substrate from the composition such that the metal deposit has an average grain size between about 0.2 μm and about 3 μm and contains less than about 1 mol % of each oxygen, carbon, and chlorine.
2 . The metal deposit of claim 1 , wherein the carboxamide of Formula (I) comprises a compound of Formula (II):
wherein n is 1 to 6;
R 1 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently chosen from H or alkyl; and
each R 2 is chosen from H or alkyl.
3 . The metal deposit of claim 2 , wherein the carboxamide of Formula (II) comprises a compound of Formula (III):
wherein n is 1 to 6.
4 . The metal deposit of claim 1 , wherein the carboxamide of Formula (I) comprises a compound of Formula (IV):
n is 2 to 6;
each Q is O; and
each R 2 , R 4 , and R 5 is independently chosen from H or alkyl.
5 . The metal deposit of claim 4 , wherein the carboxamide of Formula (IV) comprises a compound of Formula (V):
each Q is O; and
each R 2 , R 4 , and R 5 is independently chosen from H or alkyl.
6 . The metal deposit of claim 1 , wherein the carboxamide of Formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of urea, biuret, triuret, tetrauret, pentauret, hexauret, cyanuric acid, ammelide, ammeline, and combinations thereof.
7 . The metal deposit of claim 6 , wherein the carboxamide is urea or biuret.
8 . The metal deposit of claim 1 , wherein the trialkylamine hydrochloride and the carboxamide are in molar ratio of about 1:2.
9 . The metal deposit of claim 1 , wherein the trialkylamine hydrochloride and the carboxamide are in molar ratio of about 1:10.
10 . The metal deposit of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of metal salt is about 0.3 moles per liter of the ionic liquid.
11 . The metal deposit of claim 1 , wherein M is Fe.
12 . The metal deposit of claim 1 , wherein X is Cl.
13 . The metal deposit of claim 1 , wherein y is 3.
14 . The metal deposit of claim 1 , wherein the metal deposit is an iron deposit.
15 . The metal deposit of claim 1 , wherein M is Fe, X is Cl, and y is 3, and the metal deposit is an iron deposit.
16 . An iron deposit formed on a substrate;
the iron deposit formed from a composition comprising a carboxamide, trialkylamine hydrochloride, and a metal salt; wherein
the carboxamide is selected from the group consisting of urea, biuret, triuret, tetrauret, pentauret, hexauret, cyanuric acid, ammelide, ammeline, and combinations thereof;
the trialkylamine hydrochloride is trimethylamine hydrochloride (TMA-HCl), triethylamine hydrochloride (TEA-HCl), or combinations of the two; and
the metal salt having the formula MX y , wherein M is a metal, X is a halide, and y is an oxidation number of M,
wherein the trialkylamine hydrochloride and the carboxamide are present in the composition in molar ratio between 1:1 and 1:30 to form an ionic liquid, and the metal salt is present in the composition in a concentration between about 0.2 and about 1.5 moles per liter of the ionic liquid; and
wherein the iron deposit is formed on the substrate from the composition such that the iron deposit has an average grain size between about 0.2 μm and about 3 μm and contains less than about 1 mol % of each oxygen, carbon, and chlorine.
17 . The iron deposit of claim 16 , wherein the carboxamide is urea or biuret.
18 . The iron deposit of claim 16 , wherein the trialkylamine hydrochloride and the carboxamide are in molar ratio of about 1:2.
19 . The iron deposit of claim 16 , wherein the trialkylamine hydrochloride and the carboxamide are in molar ratio of about 1:10.
20 . The iron deposit of claim 16 , wherein the concentration of metal salt is about 0.3 moles per liter of the ionic liquid.
21 . The iron deposit of claim 16 , wherein M is Fe.
22 . The iron deposit of claim 16 , wherein X is Cl.
23 . The iron deposit of claim 16 , wherein y is 3.
24 . The iron deposit of claim 16 , wherein M is Fe, X is Cl, and y is 3.
25 . An iron deposit formed on a substrate from an electrolyte;
the electrolyte comprising trialkylamine hydrohalide, urea, and an iron salt
the iron deposit being formed on the substrate by inducing a potential between the iron salt and the substrate through the electrolyte to cause a metal-metal bond to form between the iron salt and metal on the substrate;
the trialkylamine hydrohalide and urea being present in the electrolyte in molar ratio between 1:1 and 1:30 to form an ionic liquid, and the iron salt being present in the electrolyte at a concentration between about 0.2 and about 1.5 moles per liter of the ionic liquid;
wherein the iron deposit is formed on the substrate from the electrolyte such that the iron deposit has an average grain size between about 0.2 μm and about 3 μm and contains less than about 1 mol % of each oxygen, carbon, and chlorine.
26 . The iron deposit of claim 25 with an average grain size between about 0.5 μm and about 2 μm.
27 . The iron deposit of claim 25 , wherein the potential has a current density between about 10 mA/cm 3 and about 300 mA/cm 3 .
28 . The iron deposit of claim 25 , wherein the potential has a reducing potential of between about −0.6 V and about −2.2 V.
29 . The iron deposit of claim 25 , wherein the trialkylamine hydrohalide and the carboxamide are in molar ratio of about 1:2.
30 . The iron deposit of claim 25 , wherein the concentration of metal salt is about 0.3 moles per liter of the ionic liquid.