Nanostructured PEMFC electrode
An electrode for a fuel cell includes a catalyst layer adjacent to a gas diffusion layer and a proton exchange membrane, and ionomer-free active metal-loaded carbon nanostructures and active metal-free ionomer-coated carbon nanostructures arranged to define pores therebetween to facilitate transport of reactant gases and product water in the fuel cell.
1. An electrode for a fuel cell comprising: a catalyst layer adjacent to a gas diffusion layer and a proton exchange membrane, and including a mixture of ionomer-free active metal-loaded carbon nanostructures and active metal-free ionomer-coated carbon nanostructures arranged to define pores therebetween to facilitate transport of reactant gases and product water in the fuel cell
wherein the ionomer-free active metal-loaded carbon nanostructures and the active metal-free ionomer-coated carbon nanostructures are multi-wall concentric cylinder carbon nanotubes.
2. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the active metal is platinum or a platinum alloy including at least one of yttrium, rhodium, gold, niobium, titanium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, and iridium.
3. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the ionomer includes perfluorosulfonic acid and/or at least one of a sulfonated hydrocarbon polymer and a fluorocarbon.
4. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the ionomer forms a continuous coating on a surface of less than all ionomer-coated carbon nanostructures.
5. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the active metal loading of the catalyst layer is about 0.02 mg/cm 2 to 1 mg/cm 2 .
6. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the ionomer to a base material of the active metal-free ionomer-coated carbon nanostructure ratio is about 20:1 to 1:20.
7. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein an outer diameter of the active metal-free ionomer-coated carbon nanostructures is about 10 nm to 300 nm.
8. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst layer forms a plurality of sublayers containing a different ratio of the ionomer-free active metal-loaded carbon nanostructures to the active metal-free ionomer-coated carbon nanostructures.
9. The electrode of claim 8 , wherein a sublayer closest to the proton exchange membrane contains a higher amount of the active metal-free ionomer-coated nanostructures than the ionomer-free active metal-loaded nanostructures.
10. The electrode of claim 8 , wherein a sublayer closest to the gas diffusion layer contains a higher amount of the ionomer-free active metal-loaded nanostructures than the active metal-free ionomer-coated nanostructures.
11. An electrode for a fuel cell comprising: a catalyst layer having a mixture of at least two types of different nanostructures including first ionomer-free metallized carbon nanostructures and second metal-free ionomer-coated carbon nanostructures, the first and second nanostructures being arranged as discreet nanostructures in the mixture to define a plurality of pores therebetween to facilitate transport of reactant gases and product water in the fuel cell,
wherein first ionomer-free metallized carbon nanostructures and second metal-free ionomer-coated carbon nanostructures are multi-wall carbon nanotubes.
12. The electrode of claim 11 , wherein the ionomer forms a continuous coating on a surface of each metal-free ionomer-coated carbon nanostructure.
13. The electrode of claim 11 , wherein the first ionomer-free metallized carbon nanostructures include platinum or a platinum alloy.
14. The electrode of claim 11 , wherein a ratio of the first nanostructures to the second nanostructures is 3:1.
15. The electrode of claim 11 , wherein a metal loading of the catalyst layer is about 3 to 60 wt. %.
16. The electrode of claim 11 , wherein the plurality of pores takes up to about 10 to 70 vol. % of the catalyst layer.