Vascular treatment systems, cooling devices, and methods for cooling vascular structures

1. A me thod for affecting a target vascular structure at a treatment region of a subject's skin surface having a target area and a non-target area, comprising:

applying a thermoelectric applicator to the treatment region such that the thermoelectric applicator overlays the target area of the skin surface and the non-target area of the skin surface; and

noninvasively cooling the target area of the skin surface to a temperature low enough and for a period of time long enough using the thermoelectric applicator so as to substantially affect and injure the target vascular structure while selectively protecting the non-targeted area of the skin surface, which surrounds the target vascular structure and underlies the thermoelectric applicator, from being affected by the cooling of the skin surface, and wherein the target vascular structure includes blood vessels, vascular malformations, port wine stains, and/or capillary vessels.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thermoelectric applicator is applied over the treatment region with sufficient pressure to substantially limit blood flow in the target vascular structure such that the target vascular structure is more effectively affected and injured by the low temperature.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the skin surface is cooled to the temperature, which is less than −5° C. and greater than −25° C. or −30° C. for 2 minutes to 20 minutes such that the target vascular structure is cooled sufficiently to produce a freeze injury thereto and to substantially affect and injure a majority of blood vessels in the target vascular structure.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein applying the thermoelectric applicator to the treatment region includes:

locating the target vascular structure; and

positioning the thermoelectric applicator at the treatment region based on a location of the target vascular structure, and wherein the target vascular structure occupies more than either 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 99% of an area of the treatment region.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein applying the thermoelectric applicator to the treatment region includes positioning a cooling surface of the thermoelectric applicator over a majority of the vascular formation, and wherein the cooling surface has an area equal to or larger than about either 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 20, or 25 cm 2 .

6. A method for affecting a vascular formation in a skin surface of the subject, comprising:

positioning a non-invasive thermoelectric cooling applicator along the skin surface of the subject based on a position of the vascular formation such that a cooling surface of the non-invasive thermoelectric cooling applicator substantially covers the vascular formation and the vascular formation occupies more than 50% of a skin surface area covered by the cooling surface;

selecting a target region of the skin surface area covered by the cooling surface and corresponding to the vascular formation;

protecting a non-targeted region of the subject's skin that is covered by the cooling surface and surrounds the target region;

applying pressure to the thermoelectric cooling applicator so as to restrict blood flow in the vascular formation; and

cooling the selected target region of the skin surface area using the non-invasive thermoelectric cooling applicator such that the selected target region is at a temperature lower than −5° C. and higher than −25° C. or −30° C. for a period of time sufficiently long to substantially affect the vascular formation without substantially affecting non-targeted skin tissue at the non-targeted region underlying the cooling surface and surrounding the vascular formation, wherein the vascular formation is blood vessels, vascular malformations, port wine stains, and/or capillary vessels.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the period of time is 2 minutes to 20 minutes.

8. The method of claim 6 , wherein positioning the non-invasive thermoelectric cooling applicator along the subject's skin surface includes:

applying a temperature-controlled surface of the non-invasive thermoelectric cooling applicator over the vascular formation, and wherein the temperature-controlled surface has an area equal to or larger than either 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 20 or 25 cm 2 .

9. The method of claim 6 , further comprising using a control unit that controls a temperature of the thermoelectric cooling applicator and a length of time the skin surface is cooled such that the vascular formation is substantially affected and injured.

10. The method of claim 6 , further comprising applying sufficient pressure to the vascular formation using the thermoelectric cooling applicator to restrict blood flow in the vascular formation such to enhance the effect to the vascular formation caused by the cooling of the skin.

11. The method of claim 6 , further comprising controlling the thermoelectric cooling applicator to provide a temperature and a treatment time such that a significant number of blood vessels in the vascular formation are injured to an extent to substantially reduce blood flow therethrough after a day following a treatment and a majority of capillary vessels are damaged while doing minimal injury to other skin structures outside of the vascular formation.

12. The method of claim 6 , further comprising using at least one of a cryoprotectant or a protective element to protect the non-targeted skin tissue, wherein the protective element comprises a thermally insulating material.

13. The method of claim 6 , further comprising:

applying material to the skin surface at the non-targeted region while leaving the skin surface at the selected target region unprotected,

wherein the selected target region and the non-target region are concurrently cooled by the cooling surface.

14. A method for affecting a target vascular structure at a treatment region of a subject's skin, comprising:

identifying a target area and a non-target area of the treatment region of a subject's skin;

shaping a protective element based on the identification of the target area of the treatment region;

applying the protective element to the treatment region such that the protective element exposes the target area and overlays the non-target area, and

applying a thermoelectric applicator to the protective element and the target area such that the protective element is directly between the thermoelectric applicator and the non-targeted tissue, wherein the protective element inhibits heat transfer between the non-targeted tissue and the thermoelectric applicator to prevent thermal injury to the non-targeted tissue while the applicator noninvasively cools the target area of the skin surface to a temperature less than −5° C. and greater than −25° C. or −30° C., wherein the target vascular structure is blood vessels, vascular malformations, port wine stains, and/or capillary vessels.