Highly branched non-crosslinked aerogel, methods of making, and uses thereof
Aerogel compositions, methods for preparing the aerogel compositions, articles of manufacture that include or are made from the aerogel compositions are described and uses thereof. The aerogels include a branched polyimide matrix with little to no crosslinked polymers.
1. An aerogel comprising:
(a) an open-cell structure; and
(b) a branched polyimide matrix comprising polyimide polymer chains, wherein matrix contains less than 5% by weight of crosslinked polymers, and
wherein the branched polyimide matrix has a degree of branching of at least 0.5 branches per polyimide polymer chain.
2. The aerogel of claim 1 , wherein the branched polyimide matrix contains less than 1% by weight of crosslinked polymers or is not crosslinked.
3. The aerogel of claim 1 , wherein the degree of branching is from 0.5 to 10.
4. The aerogel of claim 3 , wherein the degree of branching is 6.3.
5. The aerogel of claim 1 , wherein the branched polyimide matrix has a general structure of:
where:
R 1 is multifunctional amine residue;
Z is a dianhydride residue;
R 2 is a diamine residue;
R 3 and R 4 are each individually a capping group, and are independently selected from a hydrogen, an anhydride residue, an isocyanate residue, an acid residue, or an alkyl group;
m is a solution average number per chain ranging from 0.5 to 10; and
n is 1 to 25.
6. The aerogel of claim 5 , wherein the dianhydride residue is a 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride residue, a pyromellitic dianhydride residue, or a 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone-tetracarboxylic dianhydride residue.
7. The aerogel of claim 6 , wherein the dianhydride residue is a biphenyl-3,3′,4,4′-tetracarboxylic dianhydride residue.
8. The aerogel of claim 5 , wherein R 1 is a substituted or unsubstituted multifunctional amine residue comprising at least three primary amine functionalities and R 2 is at least one substituted or unsubstituted diamine residue.
9. The aerogel of claim 8 , wherein the multifunctional amine residue is a substituted or an unsubstituted aliphatic multifunctional amine residue or a substituted or an unsubstituted aromatic multifunctional amine residue.
10. The aerogel of claim 9 , wherein the aromatic multifunctional amine residue is a 1,3,5,-tris(4-aminophenoxy)benzene residue, a 4,4′,4″-methanetriyltrianiline residue, a N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)-1,4-phenylenediamine residue, or a polyoxypropylenetriamine residue.
11. The aerogel of claim 9 , wherein the diamine residue is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic diamine residue, a substituted or an unsubstituted alkyldiamine residue, or combinations thereof.
12. The aerogel of claim 11 , wherein the diamine residue is a 4,4′-oxydianiline residue or a 2,2′-dimethylbenzidine residue, or both.
13. The aerogel of claim 5 , where:
R 1 is selected from:
or any combination thereof; and
R 2 is selected from:
or any combination thereof.
14. The aerogel of claim 5 , wherein the molar ratio of the anhydride residue to the total diamine residue is from 0.80:1 to 1.2:1.
15. The aerogel of claim 5 , wherein the molar ratio of the anhydride residue to the multifunctional amine residue is 8:1 to 125:1.
16. The aerogel of claim 1 , wherein the polyimide further comprises a mono-anhydride group.
17. A method of making the aerogel of claim 1 , the method comprising:
(a) providing at least one dianhydride compound to a solvent to form a solution or mixture;
(b) providing a multifunctional amine compound and at least one diamine compound to the solution or mixture of step (a) under conditions sufficient to form a branched polymer matrix solution, wherein the branched polymer matrix is solubilized in the solution; and
(c) subjecting the branched polymer matrix solution to conditions sufficient to form an aerogel having an open-cell structure.
18. A method of making the aerogel of claim 1 , the method comprising:
(a) providing a multifunctional amine compound and at least one diamine compound to a solvent to form a solution;
(b) providing at least one dianhydride compound to the solution of step (a) under conditions sufficient to form a branched polymer matrix solution, wherein the branched polymer matrix is solubilized in the solution; and
(c) subjecting the branched polymer matrix solution to conditions sufficient to form an aerogel having an open-cell structure.