Systems and methods for surface retention of fluids
Systems and methods related to the formation of a reaction product on a surface are generally provided. The systems and methods described herein may allow for collection of the retention of a fluid by a surface in a relatively high amount. Such systems and methods may be useful in various applications including, for example, agriculture. In some embodiments, the systems and methods enhance water retention on hydrophobic surfaces of plants. Advantageously, the methods described herein may, in some cases, result in the formation of reaction products on a surface that serve to prevent fluids from being removed from the surface. Advantageously, the systems and methods described herein may suppress the adverse effects of natural conditions such as high surface energies and wind.
1. A method for modifying a hydrophobic plant surface, comprising:
spraying a first composition comprising a first polyelectrolyte with a first zeta potential onto the hydrophobic plant surface; and
spraying a second composition comprising a second polyelectrolyte with a second zeta potential onto the hydrophobic plant surface, wherein the first zeta potential and the second zeta potential have opposite signs,
wherein the first composition and the second composition interact at the hydrophobic plant surface to form a reaction product comprising the first polyelectrolyte and the second polyelectrolyte on the hydrophobic plant surface.
2. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the reaction product is capable of partially pinning a droplet.
3. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the reaction product is capable of fully pinning a droplet.
4. A method as in claim 1 , wherein a ratio of a roll-off angle after exposing the hydrophobic plant surface to the first composition and the second composition to the roll-off angle prior to exposing the hydrophobic plant surface to the first composition and the second composition is greater than 1.
5. A method as in claim 1 , comprising exposing at least a portion of the hydrophobic plant surface to a third composition.
6. A method as in claim 5 , wherein the third composition comprises an active agent selected from the group consisting of pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, agricultural chemicals, pigments, paints, flavorings, pharmaceutically active ingredients, cosmetics, and fire-retardant species.
7. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the first composition comprises an active agent selected from the group consisting of pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, agricultural chemicals, pigments, paints, flavorings, pharmaceutically active ingredients, cosmetics, and fire-retardant species.
8. A method as in claim 1 , wherein, prior to exposing the hydrophobic plant surface to either of the first composition and the second composition, a contact angle between water and the hydrophobic plant surface is greater than or equal to 90°.
9. A method as in claim 1 , wherein forming the reaction product comprises forming a polyelectrolyte complex.
10. A method as in claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first composition and the second composition comprises a biodegradable polyelectrolyte.
11. A method as in claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first composition and the second composition comprises a nontoxic polyelectrolyte.
12. A method as in claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first composition and the second composition comprises water.
13. A method as in claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first composition and the second composition comprises a carrier fluid.
14. A method as in claim 1 , wherein both of the first composition and the second composition comprise a carrier fluid.
15. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the plant surface is a surface of a leaf, a surface of a root, a surface of a fruit, a surface of a vegetable, or a surface of a flower of the plant.