Passive system for evacuating the residual heat from a nuclear reactor
A system for evacuating the residual heat from a nuclear reactor comprises: a first heat exchanger, which transfers heat from a primary fluid of the reactor to a secondary fluid; a second heat exchanger, where the secondary fluid is cooled by an auxiliary fluid which crosses a cooling duct; and a control portion, subject to thermal expansion by effect of the heating, induced by an increase in the temperature of the primary fluid beyond a preset threshold, of the secondary fluid in the control portion; the control portion being connected to a mechanical actuator device moved by the thermal expansion of the control portion to open the cooling duct and allow the passage of auxiliary fluid into the cooling duct and through the second heat exchanger.
1. A system for evacuating residual heat from a nuclear reactor cooled by a primary fluid, the system comprising:
at least one first heat exchanger interacting with the primary fluid for transferring heat to a secondary fluid circulating in the at least one first heat exchanger;
at least one second heat exchanger connected to the at least one first heat exchanger via an evacuation circuit and in which the secondary fluid is cooled by an auxiliary fluid which passes through the at least one second heat exchanger circulating in a cooling duct; and
a control portion defined by a straight pipe portion extending along a rectilinear axis of a hot branch of the evacuation circuit, subject to thermal expansion by effect of the heating, caused by a temperature rise of the primary fluid beyond a preset threshold, of the secondary fluid in the control portion; and
a mechanical actuator device connected to the control portion, the mechanical actuator device operated by the thermal expansion of the control portion for opening the cooling duct and allowing the passage of the auxiliary fluid in the cooling duct and through the at least one second heat exchanger.
2. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the straight pipe portion is thermally expandable along the rectilinear axis inside transverse guides, the straight pipe portion includes a proximal end, fixed to a manifold of the at least one second heat exchanger defining a fixed point of the system, and a distal end, axially generally opposite to the proximal end and connected to the mechanical actuator device.
3. The system according to claim 2 , wherein the mechanical actuator device includes at least one tie rod, connected, at respective opposite longitudinal ends, respectively to the distal end of the straight pipe portion and to at least one movable member, movable to selectively open/close the cooling duct.
4. The system according to claim 3 , wherein the at least one second heat exchanger is cooled by air in natural circulation and the movable member includes a shutter hinged to a support structure, housing the cooling duct, via a rotation shaft and arranged in the cooling duct for intercepting an air stream circulating in the cooling duct; the at least one tie rod connected to the shutter for causing the rotation and the opening of the shutter.
5. The system according to claim 3 , wherein:
the at least one second heat exchanger is cooled by a liquid circulating in the cooling duct and discharged from a tank by effect of gravity at the opening of a valve positioned along the cooling duct; and
the movable member includes a shutter of said valve and the tie rod is connected to the shutter for causing the opening of the valve.
6. The system according to claim 5 , wherein the at least one second heat exchanger is cooled by said liquid circulating in the cooling duct, and also cooled by air in natural circulation through the same cooling duct.
7. The system according to claim 1 , wherein:
the secondary fluid includes boiling water in the at least one first heat exchanger and condensing superheated steam in the at least one second heat exchanger; and
the evacuation circuit is initially filled at a preset steam pressure.
8. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the evacuation circuit is sealed and valveless.
9. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the auxiliary fluid circulates in the cooling duct by natural circulation.
10. A system for evacuating residual heat from a nuclear reactor cooled by a primary fluid, the system comprising:
at least one first heat exchanger interacting with the primary fluid for transferring heat to a secondary fluid circulating in the at least one first heat exchanger;
at least one second heat exchanger connected to the at least one first heat exchanger via an evacuation circuit initially filled at a preset steam pressure and in which the secondary fluid is cooled by an auxiliary fluid which passes through the at least one second heat exchanger circulating in a cooling duct, wherein the second fluid includes boiling water in the at least one first heat exchanger and condensing superheated steam in the at least one second heat exchanger; and
a control portion, subject to thermal expansion by effect of the heating, caused by a temperature rise of the primary fluid beyond a preset threshold, of the secondary fluid in the control portion; and
a mechanical actuator device connected to the control portion, the mechanical actuator device operated by the thermal expansion of the control portion for opening the cooling duct and allowing the passage of the auxiliary fluid in the cooling duct and through the at least one second heat exchanger.
11. The system according to claim 10 , wherein the control portion is defined by a straight pipe portion extending along a rectilinear axis of a hot branch of the evacuation circuit.
12. The system according to claim 11 , wherein the straight pipe portion is thermally expandable along the rectilinear axis inside transverse guides, the straight pipe portion includes a proximal end, fixed to a manifold of the at least one second heat exchanger defining a fixed point of the system, and a distal end, axially generally opposite to the proximal end and connected to the mechanical actuator device.
13. The system according to claim 12 , wherein the mechanical actuator device includes at least one tie rod, connected, at respective opposite longitudinal ends, respectively to the distal end of the straight pipe portion and to at least one movable member, movable to selectively open/close the cooling duct.
14. The system according to claim 13 , wherein the at least one second heat exchanger is cooled by air in natural circulation and the movable member includes a shutter hinged to a support structure, housing the cooling duct, via a rotation shaft and arranged in the cooling duct for intercepting an air stream circulating in the cooling duct; the at least one tie rod connected to the shutter for causing the rotation and the opening of the shutter.
15. The system according to claim 13 , wherein:
the at least one second heat exchanger is cooled by a liquid circulating in the cooling duct and discharged from a tank by effect of gravity at the opening of a valve positioned along the cooling duct; and
the movable member includes a shutter of said valve and the tie rod is connected to the shutter for causing the opening of the valve.
16. The system according to claim 15 , wherein the at least one second heat exchanger is cooled by said liquid circulating in the cooling duct, and also cooled by air in natural circulation through the same cooling duct.
17. The system according to claim 10 , wherein the evacuation circuit is sealed and valveless.
18. The system according to claim 10 , wherein the auxiliary fluid circulates in the cooling duct by natural circulation.