Methods for producing electrochromic films by low temperature condensation of polyoxometalates
Described are electrochromic films produced by low temperature condensation of polyoxometalates and applications thereof. A method of producing an electrochromic film includes depositing a polyoxometalate (POM) solution on a substrate to form a POM film. The POM solution includes anionic POM clusters and counter ions, and may be doped with near-infrared plasmonic nanocrystals. The film is chemically cured using an acid to condense the POM clusters within the POM film. Another method of producing an electrochromic film includes electrochemical deposition and condensation of POM clusters.
1. A method comprising:
depositing a polyoxometalate (POM) solution onto a substrate to form a POM film, wherein the POM solution comprises anionic POM clusters and counter ions, wherein each of the anionic POM clusters has a composition comprising [M x O y ] (5x−2y) wherein M is vanadium, niobium, or tantalum, x is an integer having a value ranging from 4 to 36, and y is an integer having a value ranging from 16 to 252;
chemically curing the POM film with an organic acid solution or vapor, wherein the organic acid solution or vapor consists of an organic acid and a polar solvent, to produce a condensed film, wherein chemically curing the POM film condenses the POM clusters and removes the counter ions; and
treating the condensed film with a water removal agent comprising at least one of triethyl orthoformate or trifluoroacetic anhydride.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the counter ions comprise organic counter ions.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the counter ions comprise inorganic counter ions.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein M is niobium.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the POM solution further comprises ethanol or water.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
prior to treating the condensed film with the water removal agent, the condensed film has a composition comprising M x O y .nH 2 O; and
after treating the condensed film with the water removal agent, the condensed film has a composition comprising an network of M x O y ,
wherein n is an integer value ranging from 1-3.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of a) the POM film is formed at a temperature from 10° C. to 200° C., or b) the POM film is chemically cured at a temperature from 10° C. to 200° C.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the POM film is chemically cured at room temperature.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic acid is at least one of formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, uric acid, lactic acid, benzoic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, ascorbic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, sorbic acid, or tartaric acid.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polar solvent is ethanol, acetonitrile, or a combination thereof.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the POM solution further comprises near-infrared (NIR) plasmonic nanocrystals, wherein the NIR plasmonic nanocrystals comprise at least one of tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO), gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO), zinc and tin-doped indium oxide (ZITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium-doped cadmium oxide (CdO:In), alkali or lanthanide metal-doped tungsten oxide (M x WO 3 ), or vacancy-doped tungsten oxide (WO 3−x ).
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising producing an electrochromic device using the treated condensed film.