Microstructure enhanced absorption photosensitive devices
Techniques for enhancing the absorption of photons in semiconductors with the use of microstructures are described. The microstructures, such as holes, effectively increase the absorption of the photons. Using microstructures for absorption enhancement for silicon photodiodes and silicon avalanche photodiodes can result in bandwidths in excess of 10 Gb/s at photons with wavelengths of 850 nm, and with quantum efficiencies of approximately 90% or more. Their thickness dimensions allow them to be conveniently integrated on the same Si chip with CMOS, BiCMOS, and other electronics, with resulting packaging benefits and reduced capacitance and thus higher speeds.
1. A microstructure-enhanced photodetector comprising:
a first layer of doped semiconductor material, a second layer of doped semiconductor material, and an intermediate layer of semiconductor material that is between the first and second layers and is not intentionally doped or is doped to a substantially lower level of doping than the first and second layers;
wherein said intermediate layer is:
substantially continuous except for intentionally formed plural holes extending therein; and
configured to concurrently receive at a plural number of the holes, a modulated optical input that is substantially continuous;
said photodetector being configured to:
operate at quantum efficiency of at least 30% when reverse-biased and receiving said modulated optical input at a frequency of at least 5 Gigabits per second and a wavelength range included in at least one of the ranges 800-990 nanometers and 1250-1600 nanometers; and
produce an electrical output signal representative of the modulation of said optical input signal.
2. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 1 , in which each of the layers is silicon and the modulated optical signal wavelength is in a range within the 800-990 nanometers range.
3. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 2 , in which the holes are tapered.
4. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 3 , in which the tapered holes are funnel-shaped.
5. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 2 , in which the holes are in a non-periodic array.
6. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 2 , in which the holes extend through at least one of the first layer and second layer.
7. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 2 , in which the holes extend through one of the first layer and the second layer and at least partway into the other of the first layer and the second layer.
8. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 2 , in which the first and second layers are doped to opposite conductivity types.
9. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 2 , in which the first and second layers are doped to the same conductivity type.
10. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 2 , further including an avalanche structure operatively coupled with the photodetector to form an avalanche photodetector therewith, wherein said avalanche photodetector operates at a quantum efficiency of at least 80%.
11. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 2 , further comprising a silicon substrate on which the photodetector is formed and an active electronic circuit formed on the same substrate to thereby form an integrated single chip that includes both the photodetector and the active electronic circuit, wherein the active electronic circuit is configured to receive said electrical output signal from the photodetector and produce a processed electrical output.
12. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 11 , in which the active electronic circuit comprises at least one of: electronic transimpedance amplifier, signal processing electronics, and signal routing electronics.
13. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 2 , in which the intermediate layer is no more than 5 micrometers thick.
14. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 1 , in which the first layer and the intermediate layer are germanium based material and the second layer is silicon, and the modulated optical signal wavelength is in a range within the 1250-1600 nanometers range.
15. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 14 , in which the holes are tapered.
16. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 15 , in which the tapered holes are funnel-shaped.
17. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 14 , in which the holes are in a non-periodic array.
18. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 14 , further including an avalanche structure operatively coupled with the photodetector to form an avalanche photodetector therewith, wherein said avalanche photodetector operates at a quantum efficiency of at least 80%.
19. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 14 , further comprising a silicon substrate on which the photodetector is formed and an active electronic circuit formed on the same substrate to thereby form an integrated single chip that includes both the photodetector and the active electronic circuit, wherein the active electronic circuit is configured to receive said electrical output signal from the photodetector and produce a processed electrical output.
20. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 19 , in which the active electronic circuit comprises at least one of: electronic transimpedance amplifier, signal processing electronics, and signal routing electronics.
21. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 14 , in which the intermediate layer is no more than 5 micrometers thick.
22. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 1 , further including a buffer layer between at least one of the first and second layers and the intermediate layers.
23. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 22 , in which the buffer layer is of a semiconductor material.
24. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 1 , including a substrate on which the photodetector is formed, said substrate including a via configured to receive and optical fiber carrying said optical input, wherein the via is aligned with said holes for self-alignment of the fiber with said holes causing the optical signal to be concurrently received at said plural holes.
25. The microstructure-enhanced photodetector of claim 1 , in which the semiconductor material of the intermediate layer is other than gallium arsenade.
26. A method of fabricating a microstructured photodetector, comprising:
processing a silicon substrate to form thereon or therein a first layer of doped semiconductor material, a second layer of doped semiconductor material, and an intermediate layer of semiconductor material no more than 5 micrometers thick that is between the first and second layers and is not intentionally doped or is doped to a substantially lower level of doping than the first and second layers;
etching plural holes in said intermediate layer while leaving the intermediate layer substantially continuous except for the holes; and
configuring the photodetector for:
concurrent receipt at a plural number of the holes, of a modulated optical input that is substantially continuous;
operation at quantum efficiency of at least 30% when reverse-biased and receiving said modulated optical input at a frequency of at least 5 Gigabits per second and a wavelength range included in at least one of the ranges 800-990 nanometers and 1250-1600 nanometers; and
production of an electrical output signal representative of the modulation of said optical input signal.
27. The method of claim 26 , in which the processing step comprises making the first layer and the intermediate layer of germanium based material and the second layer of silicon or germanium based material, and the configuring step comprises configuring the photodetector to operate at a wavelength of the optical input in a range within said 1250-1600 nanometers range.
28. The method of claim 26 , in which the processing step comprises making the first layer, the intermediate layer, and the second layer of silicon, and the configuring step comprises configuring the photodetector to operate at a wavelength of the optical input in a range within said 800-990 nanometers range.
29. The method of claim 26 , further including forming on or in said substrate an avalanche structure that includes and avalanche layer operatively associated with said intermediate layer to increase the quantum efficiency of a resulting combination of the photodetector and said avalanche structure.
30. The method of claim 26 , further including forming on said substrate an active electronic circuit to thereby form an integrated single chip that includes both the photodetector and the active electronic circuit, and configuring the active electronic circuit to receive said electrical output signal from the photodetector and produce a processed electrical output.