Radioactive monolayer surface coating
Disclosed are compositions including a film enriched with a radioisotope relative to its natural abundance, wherein the film has a thickness of one to ten atomic or molecular layers, decay of the radioisotope comprises emission of electrons, and a majority of the emitted electrons have an energy less than or equal to 700 electron volts (ev). Also disclosed are methods for making the compositions. The compositions can be used in microarrays, nanoarrays, microparticles, nanoparticles, power sources, sensing devices, and medical devices; they may also be used in a method of delivering low-energy electrons to a liquid, solid, molecular layer, or cell.
1. A composition, comprising: a substrate; and a film enriched with a radioisotope relative to the natural abundance of said radioisotope; wherein said substrate comprises an outside surface; the outside surface is in contact with the film; the film has a thickness of one to ten atomic or molecular layers; the radioisotope is 125 I; and the outside surface comprises gold.
2. A composition, comprising: a substrate; a film enriched with a radioisotope relative to the natural abundance of said radioisotope; and an intervening layer; wherein said substrate comprises an outside surface; said intervening layer is positioned between the outside surface of the substrate and the film; the intervening layer comprises an inner surface and an outer surface; said outside surface is in contact with said inner surface; said outer surface is in contact with said film; the film has a thickness of one to ten atomic or molecular layers; the radioisotope is 125 I; and the outer surface comprises gold.
3. A method of making the composition of claim 1 , comprising:
contacting a source of the radioisotope with the outside surface of the substrate, wherein the source of the radioisotope is enriched with the radioisotope relative to the natural abundance of said radioisotope; the radioisotope is 125 I; and the outside surface comprises gold.
4. A method of making the composition of claim 2 , comprising:
contacting a source of the radioisotope with the outer surface of the intervening layer, wherein the source of the radioisotope is enriched with the radioisotope relative to the natural abundance of said radioisotope; the radioisotope is 12 I; and the outer surface comprises gold.
5. A microarray or nanoarray, comprising the composition of claim 1 , wherein the film is patterned.
6. A power source, comprising the composition of claim 1 .
7. A sensing device, comprising the composition of claim 1 .
8. An implantable medical device, comprising the composition of claim 1 .
9. A method of delivering low-energy electrons to a liquid, solid, molecular layer, or cell, comprising contacting a liquid, solid, molecular layer, or cell with the composition claim 1 .
10. A microarray or nanoarray, comprising the composition of claim 2 , wherein the film is patterned.
11. A power source, comprising the composition of claim 2 .
12. A sensing device, comprising the composition of claim 2 .
13. An implantable medical device, comprising the composition of claim 2 .
14. A method of delivering low-energy electrons to a liquid, solid, molecular layer, or cell, comprising contacting a liquid, solid, molecular layer, or cell with the composition of claim 2 .
15. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the outside surface is gold.
16. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is gold.
17. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is a gold nanoparticle.
18. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the outer surface is silver.
19. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the intervening layer is gold.
20. The composition of claim 19 , wherein the substrate is a nanoparticle.
21. The method of claim 9 , wherein the composition of claim 15 is used.
22. The method of claim 9 , wherein the composition of claim 16 is used.
23. The method of claim 9 , wherein the composition of claim 17 is used.
24. The method of claim 14 , wherein the composition of claim 18 is used.
25. The method of claim 14 , wherein the composition of claim 19 is used.
26. The method of claim 14 , wherein the composition of claim 20 is used.