Multiple spatial resolution scintillation detectors
High sensitivity and high spatial resolution detection modules are provided that that can be built into an array or incorporated into PET or other types of gamma ray detectors and imagers. Each detection module has a scintillation detector block, light detector and optional light guide. The detector block may be formed of a first scintillation layer material that has a fast decay constant and high light output (e.g. LYSO) and a second scintillation layer material with a slow decay constant and a lower light output (e.g. BGO) with a first layer to second layer array pitch ratio of approximately 2:3. Due to the large difference of light output and decay time of LYSO and BGO signals, three different types of events (LYSO, BGO and CLCS) can be identified with high accuracy.
1. A high resolution depth of interaction gamma radiation detector device, comprising:
(a) a first layer of pixelated scintillator crystal array elements selected from the group consisting of cerium doped lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO), Lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO), and Yttrium Orthosilicate (YSO) crystals, wherein the first layer has a first layer pitch and an entrance surface;
(b) a second layer of pixelated scintillator crystal array elements comprising bismuth germanate (BGO) crystals optically coupled to the first layer, wherein the second layer has a second layer pitch and an exit surface; and
(c) a light detector operably coupled to the exit surface of the second layer;
(d) wherein said first layer pitch and said second layer pitch have a ratio of 2:3.
2. The device as recited in claim 1 , further comprising:
a light guide coupled to the exit surface of the second layer and to a photosensitive area of the light detector.
3. The device as recited in claim 2 , wherein said light guide comprises a tapered, multiple-element glass lightguide.
4. The device as recited in claim 1 , further comprising:
signal processing circuits operably coupled to said light detector, said signal processing circuits configured to acquire first layer scintillation events, cross layer crystal scatter (CLCS) events and second layer scintillation events.
5. The device as recited in claim 1 , further comprising an internally optically reflective layer disposed on the entrance surface of the first layer to enhance reflection of scintillation light onto the light detector.
6. The device as recited in claim 1 , wherein the LYSO and BGO crystal elements are mechanically polished on all sides except for exit ends and wherein the exit ends are diffusely ground.
7. The device as recited in claim 1 , wherein four long sides of each individual crystal of said first layer and said second layer are bonded with a specular optical reflector.
8. A positron emission tomography (PET) scanner comprising:
(a) a plurality of scintillation detector modules, each module comprising:
(i) a first layer of pixelated scintillator crystal array elements comprising cerium doped lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) crystals, the first layer configured as annihilation photon entrance layer having an entrance surface and a first layer pitch;
(ii) a second layer of pixelated scintillator crystal array elements comprising bismuth germanate (BGO) crystals optically coupled to the first layer, the second layer configured as an exit layer having an exit surface and a second layer pitch, said first layer pitch and said second layer pitch in a ratio of 2:3;
(iii) a light detector coupled to the exit surface of the second layer, said light detector producing a signal; and
(b) a computer processor configured to receive signal data from the light detector of each module;
(c) a non-transitory computer-readable memory storing instructions executable by the computer processor;
(d) wherein said instructions, when executed by the computer processor, perform steps comprising:
(i) processing said light detector signal data;
(ii) identifying LYSO and BGO scintillation events from the signal data;
(iii) identifying cross layer crystal scatter (CLCS) events from the signal data;
(iv) eliminating CLCS events from the signal data; and
(v) reconstructing a tomographic image based on said signal data.
9. The scanner as recited in claim 8 , further comprising an internally optically reflective layer disposed on the entrance surface of the first layer to enhance reflection of scintillation light onto the light detector.
10. The scanner as recited in claim 8 , further comprising a light guide coupled to the exit surface of the second layer and to a photosensitive area of the light detector.
11. The scanner as recited in claim 10 , wherein said light guide comprises a tapered, multiple-element glass lightguide.