Methods for making graphene-supported metal oxide monolith

1. A method for making a graphene-supported metal oxide monolith, comprising:

providing a graphene aerogel monolith;

immersing said graphene aerogel monolith in a solution comprising at least one metal salt to form a mixture;

curing said mixture to obtain a gel; and

heating said gel to obtain a graphene-supported metal oxide monolith that comprises (i) a three-dimensional network of graphene sheets crosslinked by covalent carbon bonds, and (ii) at least one metal oxide embedded inside said three-dimensional network, wherein the graphene-supported metal oxide monolith is mesoporous, wherein the graphene-supported metal oxide monolith has a surface area of at least 500 m 2 /g, wherein the metal oxide accounts for 40-80 wt. % of the graphene-supported metal oxide monolith.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surfaces of the graphene sheets are substantially free of carbon nanoparticles.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solution further comprises at least one organic solvent.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solution further comprises at least one initiator.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solution further comprises at least one initiator, and wherein the molar ratio of the initiator to the metal salt is tuned to promote nanoparticle nucleation and anchoring on the surface of graphene sheets.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal salt is an iron salt or a titanium salt.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal salt is an iron salt, and the gel is heated under nitrogen at 400° C. or more.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal salt is a titanium salt, and the gel is heated under air at 250° C. or more.

9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising incorporating the graphene-supported metal oxide monolith into an electrode.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the graphene aerogel monolith is obtained by:

preparing a reaction mixture comprising a graphene oxide (GO) suspension and at least one catalyst;

curing the reaction mixture to produce a wet gel;

drying the wet gel to produce a dry gel; and

pyrolyzing the dry gel to produce the graphene aerogel.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the GO suspension comprises water or at least one organic solvent.

12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the reaction mixture is cured at a temperature of 100° C. or less.

13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the step of drying the wet gel comprises solvent exchange.

14. The method of claim 10 , wherein the step of drying the wet gel comprises drying the wet gel with supercritical CO 2 .

15. The method of claim 10 , wherein the step of pyrolyzing the dry gel comprises drying the dry gel in an inert atmosphere at a temperature of 500° C. or higher.

16. The method of claim 10 , further comprising thermally activating the graphene aerogel in an oxidizing atmosphere.

17. The method of claim 1 , and wherein the metal oxide comprises manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, zirconium, tin, silicon, aluminum, chromium, vanadium, titanium, or combinations thereof.