Torches and methods of using them
Certain embodiments described herein are directed to a torch that includes a lanthanide or actinide material. In some embodiments, the torch can include one or more other materials in combination with the lanthanide or actinide material. In some embodiments, the torch can comprise cerium, terbium or thorium. In other embodiments, the torch can comprise a lanthanide or actinide material comprising a melting point higher than the melting point of quartz.
1. A system for sustaining an atomization source, the system comprising:
a torch comprising a hollow cylindrical outer tube comprising an entrance end within a first section of the outer tube and an exit end within a second section of the outer tube, in which the torch is configured to desolvate sample at the first section of the outer tube and to sustain an atomization source within the second section of the outer tube, wherein the first section of the outer tube and the second section of the outer tube are coupled to each other through at least one material, and in which the exit end of the outer tube comprises a lanthanide or actinide material present in an effective length and an effective amount to prevent degradation of the exit end of the torch, in which the first section of the outer tube comprises a non-refractory material, and wherein the at least one material coupling the first section of the outer tube and the second section of the outer tube is different than the non-refractory material of the first section and the at least one lanthanide or actinide material of the exit end of the outer tube; and
an induction device comprising an aperture configured to receive the torch and provide radio frequency energy to the torch to sustain the atomization source in the body of the torch.
2. The system of claim 1 , in which the induction device is configured as a helical coil.
3. The system of claim 1 , in which the induction device is configured as at least one plate electrode.
4. The system of claim 3 , in which the induction device is configured as two plate electrodes.
5. The system of claim 3 , in which the induction device is configured as three plate electrodes.
6. The system of claim 1 , in which the torch further comprises an inner hollow cylindrical tube comprising an entrance end and an exit end, in which the exit end of the inner hollow tube comprises a lanthanide or actinide material in an effective length and an effective amount to prevent degradation of the exit end of the inner hollow tube.
7. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a radio frequency energy source electrically coupled to the induction device.
8. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a detector configured to detect excited species in the torch body.
9. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a mass spectrometer fluidically coupled to the torch body and configured to receive species exiting from the torch body.
10. The system of claim 1 , in which the lanthanide material is cerium or terbium, the actinide material is thorium, or the lanthanide or actinide material is any lanthanide or actinide that has a working temperature greater than 750 degrees Celsius or greater than 1300 degrees Celsius.
11. A system for sustaining an atomization source, the system comprising:
a torch comprising a hollow cylindrical outer tube comprising an entrance end within a first section of the outer tube and an exit end within a second section of the outer tube, wherein the torch is configured to desolvate sample at the first section of the outer tube and to sustain an atomization source within the second section of the outer tube, wherein the first section of the outer tube and the second section of the outer tube are coupled to each other through at least one material, in which the first section of the outer tube comprises a non-refractory material, in which the exit end of the outer tube comprises a lanthanide or actinide material, and wherein the at least one material coupling the first section of the outer tube and the second section of the outer tube is different than the non-refractory material of the first section and the at least one lanthanide or actinide material of the exit end of the outer tube, the torch further comprising a hollow cylindrical inner tube comprising an entrance end and an exit end, in which the inner tube is positioned in the outer tube, in which the exit end of the inner tube comprises a lanthanide or actinide material; and
an induction device comprising an aperture configured to receive the torch and provide radio frequency energy to the torch to sustain the atomization source in the torch.
12. The system of claim 11 , in which the induction device is configured as a helical coil.
13. The system of claim 11 , in which the induction device is configured as at least one plate electrode.
14. The system of claim 13 , in which the induction device is configured as two plate electrodes.
15. The system of claim 13 , in which the induction device is configured as three plate electrodes.
16. The system of claim 11 , in which the outer tube further comprises an optically transparent window to permit observation of the atomization source within the torch through the optically transparent window.
17. The system of claim 11 , further comprising a radio frequency energy source electrically coupled to the induction device.
18. The system of claim 11 , further comprising a detector configured to detect excited species in the torch body.
19. The system of claim 11 , further comprising a mass spectrometer fluidically coupled to the torch body and configured to receive species exiting from the torch body.
20. The system of claim 11 , in which the lanthanide material of the outer tube is cerium or terbium, the actinide material of the outer tube is thorium, or the lanthanide or actinide material of the outer tube is any lanthanide or actinide that has a working temperature greater than 750 degrees Celsius or greater than 1300 degrees Celsius.