Lenses, devices, methods and systems for refractive error
The present disclosure is directed to lenses, devices, methods and/or systems for addressing refractive error. Certain embodiments are directed to changing or controlling the wavefront of the light entering a human eye. The lenses, devices, methods and/or systems can be used for correcting, addressing, mitigating or treating refractive errors and provide excellent vision at distances encompassing far to near without significant ghosting. The refractive error may for example arise from myopia, hyperopia, or presbyopia with or without astigmatism. Certain disclosed embodiments of lenses, devices and/or methods include embodiments that address foveal and/or peripheral vision. Exemplary of lenses in the fields of certain embodiments include contact lenses, corneal onlays, corneal inlays, and lenses for intraocular devices both anterior and posterior chamber, accommodating intraocular lenses, electro-active spectacle lenses and/or refractive surgery.
1. A lens for an eye with a refractive error, the lens comprising:
an optical axis;
an aberration profile about the optical axis;
a prescription focal power; and
at least two optical surfaces;
wherein the lens's optical properties can be characterised upon testing by at least the following properties: four or more higher order aberrations comprising a primary spherical aberration C(4,0), a secondary spherical aberration C(6,0), and one or more of the following components: a tertiary spherical aberration C(8,0), a quaternary spherical aberration C(10,0), a pentanary spherical aberration C(12,0), a hexanary spherical aberration C(14,0), a heptanary spherical aberration C(16,0), an octanary spherical aberration C(18,0) and a nanonary spherical aberration C(20,0); and
wherein the aberration profile when tested on a model eye with no, or substantially no, higher order aberrations and having the refractive error, results in a retinal image quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope so that the RIQ decreases in a direction of eye growth, where the RIQ is determined by a visual Strehl Ratio that is measured substantially along the optical axis; and the RIQ is measured for a model eye with no, or substantially no, higher order aberration and is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive, at a wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.
2. The lens of claim 1 , wherein the lens is further characterised by minimal ghosting at near, intermediate and far distances.
3. The lens of claim 1 , wherein the lens is further configured to provide the RIQ of at least 0.1 in the near distance range, the RIQ of at least 0.27 in the intermediate distance range and the RIQ of at least 0.35 in the far distance range.
4. The lens of claim 1 , wherein the lens is further configured to provide two or more of the following: the RIQ of at least 0.1 in the near distance range, the RIQ of at least 0.27 in the intermediate distance range and the RIQ of at least 0.35 in the far distance range.
5. The lens of claim 1 , wherein the through focus slope averaged over a horizontal field of at least −20° to +20° degrades in a direction of eye growth.
6. The lens of claim 1 , wherein the through focus slope averaged over a horizontal field of at least −20° to +20° improves in a direction of eye growth.
7. The lens of claim 1 , wherein the through focus slope averaged over a vertical field of at least −20° to +20° degrades in a direction of eye growth.
8. The lens of claim 1 , wherein the through focus slope averaged over a vertical field of at least −20° to +20° improves in a direction of eye growth.
9. The lens of claim 1 , wherein the aberration profile provides the RIQ with a through focus slope that degrades in a direction of eye growth when primary or secondary astigmatism is added to the aberration profile.
10. The lens of claim 1 , wherein the primary or secondary astigmatism is added to the desired aberration profile by altering one or more of the following terms: C(2,−2), C(2,2), C(4,−2), C(4,2), C(6,−2) and/or C(6,2).
11. The lens of claim 1 , wherein the RIQ is characterised by
RIQ
=
∫
∫
-
Fmin
+
Fmax
CSF
(
x
,
y
)
*
(
real
(
(
FT
(
FT
{
A
(
ρ
,
θ
)
*
exp
[
2
π
i
λ
*
W
(
ρ
,
θ
)
]
}
2
)
)
)
)
∫
∫
-
Fmin
+
Fmax
CSF
(
x
,
y
)
*
(
(
(
FT
(
FT
{
A
(
ρ
,
θ
)
*
exp
[
2
π
i
λ
*
Wdiff
(
ρ
,
θ
)
]
}
2
)
)
)
)
wherein:
Fmin is 0 cycles/degree and Fmax is 30 cycles/degree;
CSF(x,y) denotes the contrast sensitivity function CSF (F)=2.6(0.0192+0.114f)e −(0.114f){circumflex over ( )}1.1 , where f specifies the tested spatial frequency, in the range of F min to F max ;
FT denotes a 2 D fast Fourier transform;
A (ρ, θ) denotes the pupil amplitude function across the pupil diameter;
W (ρ, θ) denotes wavefront of the test case measured for i=1 to 20
W (ρ,θ)=Σ i=1 k a i Z i (ρ, θ);
Wdiff (ρ,θ) denotes wavefront of the diffraction limited case;
ρ and θ are normalised polar coordinates, where ρ represents the radial coordinate and θ represents the angular coordinate or azimuth; and
λ denotes wavelength.
12. The lens of claim 1 , wherein the visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.3.
13. The lens of claim 1 , wherein a power profile is associated with the optical axis and the power profile has a transition between a maxima and a minima, and the maxima is within 0.2 mm of the centre of the optic zone and the minima is less than or equal to 0.3 mm distance from the maxima; wherein the amplitude of the transition between the maxima and the minima is at least 2.5 D.
14. The lens of claim 13 , wherein the transition between the maxima and the minima is one or more of the following: continuous, discontinuous, monotonic and non-monotonic.
15. A lens for an eye with a refractive error, the lens comprising:
an optical axis;
an aberration profile about the optical axis;
a prescription focal power; and
at least two optical surfaces;
wherein the lens's optical properties can be characterized upon testing by at least the following properties: four or more higher order aberrations comprising a primary spherical aberration C(4,0), a secondary spherical aberration C(6,0), and one or more of the following components: a tertiary spherical aberration C(8,0), a quaternary spherical aberration C(10,0), a pentanary spherical aberration C(12,0), a hexanary spherical aberration C(14,0), a heptanary spherical aberration C(16,0), an octanary spherical aberration C(18,0) and a nanonary spherical aberration C(20,0);
wherein the aberration profile when tested on a model eye with no, or substantially no, higher order aberrations and having the refractive error, results in a through focus RIQ, within the through focus range, a first RIQ which is a peak RIQ and that remains at or above a second RIQ over the through focus range that includes the focal length; and the first and second RIQs are measured for a model eye with no, or substantially no, higher order aberration and is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive, at a wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.
16. The lens of claim 15 , wherein the lens is further characterised by minimal ghosting at near, intermediate and far distances.
17. The lens of claim 15 , wherein the lens is further configured to provide the RIQ of at least 0.1 in the near distance range, the RIQ of at least 0.27 in the intermediate distance range and the RIQ of at least 0.35 in the far distance range.
18. The lens of claim 15 , wherein the lens is further configured to provide two or more of the following: the RIQ of at least 0.1 in the near distance range, the RIQ of at least 0.27 in the intermediate distance range and the RIQ of at least 0.35 in the far distance range.
19. The lens of claim 15 , wherein the primary or secondary astigmatism is added to the desired aberration profile by altering one or more of the following terms: C(2,−2), C(2,2), C(4,−2), C(4,2), C(6,−2) and/or C(6,2).
20. The lens of claim 15 , wherein the RIQ is characterised by
RIQ
=
∫
∫
-
Fmin
+
Fmax
CSF
(
x
,
y
)
*
(
real
(
(
FT
(
FT
{
A
(
ρ
,
θ
)
*
exp
[
2
π
i
λ
*
W
(
ρ
,
θ
)
]
}
2
)
)
)
)
∫
∫
-
Fmin
+
Fmax
CSF
(
x
,
y
)
*
(
(
(
FT
(
FT
{
A
(
ρ
,
θ
)
*
exp
[
2
π
i
λ
*
Wdiff
(
ρ
,
θ
)
]
}
2
)
)
)
)
wherein:
Fmin is 0 cycles/degree and Fmax is 30 cycles/degree;
CSF(x, y) denotes the contrast sensitivity function CSF(F)=2.6(0.0192+0.114f)e −(0.114f){circumflex over ( )}1.1 , where f specifies the tested spatial frequency, in the range of F min to F max ;
FT denotes a 2 D fast Fourier transform;
A (ρ, θ) denotes the pupil amplitude function across the pupil diameter;
W (ρ, θ) denotes wavefront of the test case measured for i=1 to 20
W (ρ, θ)=Σ i=1 k a i Z i (ρ, θ);
Wdiff (ρ, θ) denotes wavefront of the diffraction limited case;
ρ and θ are normalised polar coordinates, where ρ represents the radial coordinate and θ represents the angular coordinate or azimuth; and
λ denotes wavelength.
21. The lens of claim 15 , wherein the first RIQ is at least 0.3.
22. The lens of claim 15 , wherein the second RIQ is at least 0.1.
23. The lens of claim 15 , wherein the through focus range is at least 1.7 D.
24. The lens of claim 15 , wherein a power profile is associated with the optical axis and the power profile has a transition between a maxima and a minima, and the maxima is within 0.2 mm of the centre of the optic zone and the minima is less than or equal to 0.3 mm distance from the maxima; wherein the amplitude of the transition between the maxima and the minima is at least 2.5 D.
25. The lens of claim 24 , wherein the transition between the maxima and the minima is one or more of the following: continuous, discontinuous, monotonic and non-monotonic.