Mucosal adjuvants and delivery systems
Adjuvants comprising chitosan cross-linked with an aldehyde or mannosylated chitosan are provided herein. Methods of making the adjuvants and methods of combining or linking the adjuvants with antigens are also provided. The adjuvant-antigen combinations can be used in vaccine formulations and the vaccine formulations can be used in methods to vaccinate animals against the source of the antigen or to enhance the immune response in a subject.
1. A composition comprising a microbial antigen and a carbohydrate linked to chitosan to form a Schiff base, wherein the carbohydrate is an open ring mannose moiety and wherein the composition is formulated for administration in food or drinking water.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the Schiff base is not reduced.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the Schiff base is reduced.
4. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising an enhancing molecule, wherein the enhancing molecule is selected from the group consisting of saponin, toll-like receptors, the B subunit of a bacterial toxin, bacterial toxins, CpG motifs, liposomes, monophosphoryl lipid A, tetanus toxoid, cholera toxin B subunit, heat labile enterotoxin B subunit, and tripolyphosphate.
5. A vaccine formulation comprising the composition of claim 1 .
6. The vaccine of claim 5 , wherein the microbial antigen is Salmonella, Escherichia, Shigella, Bordetella, Clostridium, Mycoplasma, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Influenza, or Eimeria.
7. The vaccine of claim 5 , wherein the microbial antigen is inactivated or killed.
8. The vaccine of claim 7 , wherein the microbial antigen is killed using formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, or formalin.