Quaternary heteroatom containing compounds

1. A method for the preparation of a compound of Formula (II):

comprising treating a compound of Formula (I):

with a transition metal catalyst under alkylation conditions, wherein the transition metal catalyst is a palladium catalyst comprising Pd 2 (dba) 3 or Pd 2 (pmdba) 3 ; or the transition metal catalyst further comprises (R)—(CF 3 ) 3 -tBuPHOX, (R)-tBuPHOX, (S)—(CF 3 ) 3 -tBuPHOX, or (S)-tBuPHOX;

wherein, as valence and stability permit,

ring B represents an optionally substituted heterocycle;

X is a heteroatom;

R 1 is selected from optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, and halogen;

R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , and R 15 are independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyano, carboxyl, sulfate, amino, alkoxy, alkylamino, alkylthio, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, thioalkyl, ether, thioether, ester, amide, thioester, carbonate, carbamate, urea, sulfonate, sulfone, sulfoxide, sulfonamide, acyl, acyloxy, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, aralkyloxy, hetaralkyl, carbocyclylalkyl, and heterocyclylalkyl.

2. The method of claim 1 , for preparation of a compound of Formula (IV):

comprising treating a compound of Formula (III):

with a transition metal catalyst under alkylation conditions, wherein, as valence and stability permit,

X is selected from NR 6 — and —O—;

Z is selected from —C(O)— and CR 7 R 7 —;

A is independently selected at each occurrence from —CR 8 R 8 — and —NR 9 —;

W is absent or selected from —O—, —NR 10 —, and —CR 8 R 8 — and —NR 9 —;

R 1 is selected from halogen and an optionally substituted group selected from alkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, cyanoalkyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, acylalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, and aryloxycarbonylalkyl;

R 2 , R 12 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 11 are independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, haloalkyl, alkyl, cyano, amino, alkoxy, alkylthio, amido, carbocyclyl, and haloalkyl;

R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 13 , R 14 , and R 15 are independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, halogen, haloalkyl, cyano, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, amide, amine, aryloxy, and aralkyloxy;

R 6 , R 9 and R 10 are independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, hydroxyl and optionally substituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, aryloxy, carbocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, aralkyloxy, heteroaryloxy, acyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, acyloxy, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, and amido; and

n is 0-3.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein:

R 1 is selected from halogen, alkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted alkoxycarbonylalkyl, optionally substituted cyanoalkyl, and optionally substituted hydroxyalkyl; and

R 6 , R 9 , and R 10 are independently selected at each occurrence from optionally substituted aralkyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxy, acyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, and aryloxycarbonyl.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein:

X is —NR 6 —;

Z is selected from —C(O)— and —CR 7 R 7 —;

A at each occurrence is —CR 8 R 8 —;

W is selected from —NR 10 — and —CR 11 R 11 —; and

n is 0-2.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein Z is —CR 7 R 7 —.

6. The method of claim 4 , wherein W is —NR 10 —.

7. The method of claim 2 , wherein n is 1.

8. The method of claim 3 , wherein:

X is —O—;

Z is selected from —C(O)— and —CR 7 R 7 —;

A at each occurrence is —CR 8 R 8 —;

W is selected from —NR 10 —, and —CR 11 R 11 —; and

n is 0-2.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein Z is —CR 7 R 7 —.

10. The method of claim 8 , wherein W is —NR 10 —.

11. The method of claim 2 , wherein the transition metal catalyst is a palladium catalyst.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the transition metal catalyst is selected from Pd 2 (dba) 3 and Pd 2 (pmdba) 3 .

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the palladium catalyst is used in an amount selected from 1 mol % to 20 mol % relative to the substrate.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the palladium catalyst is used in an amount selected from 2 mol % to 8 mol % relative to the substrate.

15. The method of claim 2 , wherein the method further comprises a chiral ligand.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the chiral ligand is a phosphine ligand.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the chiral ligand is selected from (R)—(CF 3 ) 3 -tBuPHOX, (R)-tBuPHOX, (S)—(CF 3 ) 3 -tBuPHOX, and (S)-tBuPHOX.

18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the chiral ligand is used in an amount selected from 2.5 mol % to 13 mol % relative to the substrate.

19. A method of preparing a pharmaceutical compound, comprising preparing a compound of Formula (II) according to the method of claim 1 , and preparing the pharmaceutical compound from the compound of Formula (II).