Electrical systems and related frequency regulation methods
Electrical systems and related operating methods are provided. One exemplary electrical system includes a sensing arrangement coupled to an electrical grid interface to measure an electrical characteristic of the electrical grid interface, a power conversion module having an output coupled to the electrical grid interface, and a control module coupled to the sensing arrangement and the power conversion module. The control module determines an estimated frequency of the electrical characteristic based on a phase error corresponding to a measured value of the electrical characteristic obtained from the sensing arrangement, determines a frequency correction power command based on a difference between the estimated frequency and a target frequency, and operates the power conversion module in accordance with the frequency correction power command. The frequency correction power command regulates the frequency of the electrical characteristic of the electrical grid interface to the target frequency, for example, by charging or discharging a battery.
1. An electrical system comprising:
a sensing arrangement coupled to an electrical grid interface to measure an electrical characteristic of the electrical grid interface;
a power conversion module having an output coupled to the electrical grid interface; and
a control module coupled to the sensing arrangement and the power conversion module to:
determine an estimated frequency of the electrical characteristic based on a phase error corresponding to a measured value of the electrical characteristic from the sensing arrangement;
determine a frequency correction power command configured to regulate a frequency of the electrical characteristic of the electrical grid interface to a target frequency based on a difference between the estimated frequency and the target frequency; and
operate the power conversion module in accordance with the frequency correction power command, wherein the control module determines a fractional period of an electrical cycle of the electrical characteristic based on the phase error and determines the estimated frequency based on the fractional period.
2. The electrical system of claim 1 , further comprising an energy storage element, the power conversion module being coupled between the energy storage element and the electrical grid interface, wherein the control module adjusts the frequency correction power command based on a metric associated with the energy storage element prior to operating the power conversion module in accordance with the frequency correction power command.
3. The electrical system of claim 2 , wherein:
the energy storage element comprises a battery; and
the metric comprises a current state of charge of the battery.
4. The electrical system of claim 3 , wherein the power conversion module comprises an inverter.
5. The electrical system of claim 1 , wherein:
the electrical characteristic comprises a voltage;
the measured value comprising a measured voltage; and
the control module determines the phase error as a quadrature component of the measured voltage.
6. The electrical system of claim 1 , wherein:
the control module includes a filter to determine an estimated period of the electrical cycle based on the fractional period; and
the estimated frequency comprises an inverse of the estimated period.
7. An electrical system comprising:
one or more voltage sensing arrangements coupled to an electrical grid interface node to obtain a recent measurement of a voltage at the electrical grid interface node; and
an energy storage system comprising:
a battery;
an inverter module coupled between the battery and the electrical grid interface node, the inverter module having an output coupled to the electrical grid interface node; and
a control module coupled to the one or more voltage sensing arrangements and the inverter module to:
determine an estimated frequency of the voltage at the electrical grid interface node based on a phase error corresponding to the recent measurement;
determine a frequency correction power command based on a first difference between the estimated frequency and a target frequency;
adjust the frequency correction power command based on a second difference between current state of charge of the battery and a target state of charge; and
operate the inverter module in accordance with the adjusted frequency correction power command, wherein the control module determines a fractional period of an electrical cycle of the voltage at the electrical grid interface node based on the phase error and determines the estimated frequency based on the fractional period.
8. The electrical system of claim 7 , wherein the control module determines the phase error as a quadrature component of the recent measurement in a rotating reference frame.
9. The electrical system of claim 8 , wherein the control module determines the quadrature component based on an expected phase of the voltage.
10. The electrical system of claim 7 , wherein the control module determines an estimated period of the electrical cycle based on the fractional period and determines the estimated frequency as an inverse of the estimated period.
11. The electrical system of claim 10 , wherein the control module determines the phase error as a quadrature component of the recent measurement in a rotating reference frame.