Methods of providing higher quality liquid kerosene based-propulsion fuels
By blending a quantity of synthetic cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component comprising at least 99.5 mass % of carbon and hydrogen content and at least 50 mass % of cyclo-paraffin into kerosene base fuel, kerosene based-propulsion fuels can be upgraded to higher quality kerosene based-propulsion fuels such as jet fuel or rocket fuel to meet certain specification and/or increase volumetric energy content of the propulsion fuel.
1. A method for upgrading a kerosene fuel to meet Jet A-1 specification or JP-8 specification;
a. providing a quantity of kerosene base fuel having a boiling point in the range of 130° C. to 300° C., at atmospheric pressure, flash point of 38° C. or above measured by ASTM D56, a density at 15° C. of at least 775 kg/m 3 and freezing point of above −47° C.;
b. providing a quantity of synthetic cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component comprising at least 99.5 mass % of carbon and hydrogen content and at least 70 mass % of cyclo-paraffin, a maximum iso- and n-paraffin content of less than 30 mass % (ASTM D2425) and an aromatic content of at most 1.5 mass % (ASTM D2425), said cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component having a boiling point of at most 300° C., at atmospheric pressure, flash point of 38° C., or above, a density at 15° C. of at least 800 kg/m 3 , and freezing point of −60° C. or below, wherein the synthetic cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component is derived from biomass; and
c. blending a quantity of the synthetic cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component and the kerosene base fuel in amount sufficient to lower the freezing point of the blended fuel to −47° C. or lower, wherein the amount of the synthetic cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component is at least 1 vol. %, based on the blended fuel.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the blended fuel has a density of equal or above 800 mg/m 2 .
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the aromatic content of the blended fuel is less than or equal to 25 vol %.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the amount of the synthetic cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component is at least 3 vol. %, based on the blended fuel.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the synthetic cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component have a freezing point of −65° C. or below.
6. The method of claim 1 further comprising d) blending an additional propulsion fuel blending component to the blended fuel.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the kerosene base fuel is a kerosene meeting Jet A or F-24 specification.
8. A method of operating a jet engine comprising burning in said jet engine a jet fuel of prepared by the method of claim 1 .
9. A method for upgrading a kerosene fuel to meet AN-8 specification;
a. providing a quantity of kerosene base fuel having a boiling point in the range of 130° C. to 300° C., at atmospheric pressure, flash point of 38 or above measured by ASTM D56, and a density at 15° C. of at least 775 kg/m 3 and freezing point of above −58° C.;
b. providing a quantity of synthetic cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component comprising at least 99.5 mass % of carbon and hydrogen content and at least 70 mass % of cyclo-paraffin, a maximum iso- and n-paraffin content of less than 30 mass % (ASTM D2425) and an aromatic content of at most 1.5 mass % (ASTM D2425), said cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component having a boiling point of at most 300° C., at atmospheric pressure, flash point of 38° C., or above, a density at 15° C. of at least 800 kg/m 3 , and freezing point of −60° C. or below, wherein the synthetic cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component is derived from biomass; and
c. blending a quantity of the synthetic cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component and the kerosene base fuel in amount sufficient to lower the freezing point of the blended fuel to −58° C. or lower, wherein the amount of the synthetic cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component is at least 1 vol. %, based on the blended fuel.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the blended fuel has a density of equal or above 800 mg/m 2 .
11. The method of claim 9 wherein the aromatic content of the blended fuel is less than or equal to 25 vol %.
12. The method of claim 9 wherein the amount of the synthetic cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component is at least 3 vol. %, based on the blended fuel.
13. The method of claim 9 wherein the synthetic cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component have a freezing point of −65° C. or below.
14. The method of claim 9 wherein the kerosene base fuel is a kerosene meeting at least one of Jet A, F-24, Jet-A1, or F-24 specification.
15. The method of claim 9 further comprising d) blending an additional propulsion fuel blending component to the blended fuel.
16. A method of operating a jet engine comprising burning in said jet engine a jet fuel of prepared by the method of claim 9 .
17. A method of operating an engine or turbine in cold temperature comprising providing the blended fuel prepared by the method of claim 9 to the engine or turbine and operating said engine or turbine.
18. A method for upgrading a kerosene fuel to meet Jet A or F-24 specification;
a. providing a quantity of kerosene base fuel having a boiling point in the range of 130° C. to 300° C., at atmospheric pressure, flash point of 38° C. or above measured by ASTM D56, a density at 15° C. of at least 760 kg/m 3 and freezing point of above −40° C.;
b. providing a quantity of synthetic cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component comprising at least 99.5 mass % of carbon and hydrogen content and at least 70 mass % of cyclo-paraffin, a maximum iso- and n-paraffin content of less than 30 mass % (ASTM D2425) and an aromatic content of at most 1.5 mass % (ASTM D2425), said cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component having a boiling point of at most 300° C., at atmospheric pressure, flash point of 38° C., or above, a density at 15° C. of at least 800 kg/m 3 , and freezing point of −60° C. or below, wherein the synthetic cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component is derived from biomass; and
c. blending a quantity of the synthetic cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component and the kerosene base fuel in amount sufficient to lower the freezing point of the blended fuel to −40° C. or lower, wherein the amount of the synthetic cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component is at least 1 vol. %, based on the blended fuel.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the blended fuel has a density of equal or above 800 mg/m 2 .
20. The method of claim 18 wherein the aromatic content of the blended fuel is less than or equal to 25 vol %.
21. The method of claim 18 wherein the amount of the synthetic cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component is at least 3 vol. %, based on the blended fuel.
22. The method of claim 18 wherein the synthetic cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component have a freezing point of −65° C. or below.
23. The method of claim 18 further comprising d) blending an additional propulsion fuel blending component to the blended fuel.