Aircraft heat management
A gas turbine engine includes an engine core with a combustor; a turbine including turbine blades; a compressor as a source of cooling air for the turbine blades; and an inducer to accelerate and direct the cooling air onto the turbine blades, and a modulating valve to allow or block cooling air flow into a subset of airflow passageways of the inducer; and a fuel management system to provide fuel to the combustor. The fuel management system includes a primary fuel-oil heat exchanger and a secondary fuel-oil heat exchanger through which oil and the fuel flow, to transfer heat between the oil and the fuel. A method of operating the engine includes using the modulating valve to adjust the cooling air flow based on turbine inlet temperature; and transferring 200-600 kJ/m 3 of heat to the fuel from the oil in the primary fuel-oil heat exchanger at cruise conditions.
1. A method of operating a gas turbine engine, the gas turbine engine comprising:
an engine core comprising a turbine, a compressor, a combustor arranged to combust a fuel, and a core shaft connecting the turbine to the compressor;
a fan located upstream of the engine core;
a recirculating lubrication system arranged to supply oil to lubricate engine components; and
a heat exchange system arranged to transfer heat between the oil and the fuel,
wherein the method comprises, at cruise conditions:
controlling the heat exchange system so as to transfer 200-600 kJ/m 3 of heat to the fuel from the oil.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the method comprises transferring 300-500 kJ/m 3 of heat to the fuel from the oil through the heat exchange system at cruise conditions.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the method comprises transferring 350-450 kJ/m 3 of heat to the fuel from the oil through the heat exchange system at cruise conditions.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the method comprises transferring 400 kJ/m 3 of heat to the fuel from the oil through the heat exchange system at cruise conditions.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the oil has an average temperature of up to 220° C. on entry to the heat exchange system at cruise conditions.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the gas turbine engine comprises an integrated drive generator and the recirculating lubrication system comprises first and second closed loop systems, wherein the second closed loop system provides oil to a main gearbox, and the first closed loop system provides oil to the integrated drive generator, and wherein the method comprises transferring heat from oil in the second closed loop system to the fuel.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein heat is transferred from the oil in the first closed loop system to the fuel before heat is transferred from the oil in the second closed loop system to the fuel.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the first closed loop system and the second closed loop system are configured to interact via at least one oil-oil heat exchanger such that heat may be transferred from one flow of oil to the other.
9. The method of claim 6 wherein more heat is output into oil in the second closed loop system by the main gearbox than is output into oil in the first closed loop system by the integrated drive generator.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein multiple heat exchangers are provided to cool the oil, the multiple heat exchangers including a fuel-oil heat exchanger and at least one of:
(i) an air-oil heat exchanger; and
(ii) an oil-oil heat exchanger, having a flow of oil from a different source flowing therethrough.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the multiple heat exchangers are arranged in a parallel configuration and the method comprises sending a proportion of the oil through each branch of the parallel configuration, and adjusting that proportion to vary how much oil flows through the fuel-oil heat exchanger and how much oil flows through a heat exchanger on the other branch.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the parallel configuration comprises a first branch with the fuel-oil heat exchanger, and a second branch with an air-oil heat exchanger and an oil-oil heat exchanger.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the method comprises transferring at least 40% of the heat lost from the oil to the fuel, with the remainder of the heat transferred from the oil to air.
14. A gas turbine engine for an aircraft, the gas turbine engine comprising:
an engine core comprising a turbine, a compressor, a combustor arranged to combust a fuel, and a core shaft connecting the turbine to the compressor;
a fan located upstream of the engine core;
a recirculating lubrication system arranged to supply oil to lubricate engine components; and
a heat exchange system arranged to transfer heat between the oil and the fuel,
wherein the heat exchange system is arranged to transfer 200-600 kJ/m 3 of heat from the oil to the fuel at cruise conditions.
15. The gas turbine engine of claim 14 wherein the heat exchange system is arranged to transfer 300-500 kJ/m 3 of heat to the fuel from the oil at cruise conditions.
16. The gas turbine engine of claim 14 wherein the gas turbine engine further comprises a main gearbox and an auxiliary gearbox, and wherein the oil in the recirculating lubrication system is arranged to cool the auxiliary gearbox, thereby increasing in temperature.
17. The gas turbine engine of claim 14 wherein the engine core comprises an integrated drive generator and the recirculating lubrication system comprises first and second closed loop systems, wherein the second closed loop system is arranged to provide oil to a main gearbox and the first closed loop system is arranged to provide oil to the integrated drive generator, and wherein the heat exchange system is arranged to transfer heat from the oil in the second closed loop system to the fuel.
18. The gas turbine engine of claim 17 wherein the heat exchange system is arranged to transfer heat from the oil in the first closed loop system to the fuel.
19. The gas turbine engine of claim 17 wherein the first closed loop system and the second closed loop system are configured to interact via at least one oil-oil heat exchanger such that heat may be transferred from one flow of oil to the other.
20. The gas turbine engine of claim 14 wherein the gas turbine engine comprises multiple heat exchangers arranged to cool the oil, the multiple heat exchangers including a fuel-oil heat exchanger and at least one of:
(i) an air-oil heat exchanger; and
(ii) an oil-oil heat exchanger, having a flow of oil from a different source flowing therethrough.