Post polymerization cure shape memory polymers
This invention relates to chemical polymer compositions, methods of synthesis, and fabrication methods for devices regarding polymers capable of displaying shape memory behavior (SMPs) and which can first be polymerized to a linear or branched polymeric structure, having thermoplastic properties, subsequently processed into a device through processes typical of polymer melts, solutions, and dispersions and then crossed linked to a shape memory thermoset polymer retaining the processed shape.
1. Articles of manufacture comprising:
a polymer composition comprising a thermoplastic polymer, having crosslinkable sites spaced along a polymer chain, which when crosslinked form a thermoset polymer having shape memory properties; and
the thermoset polymer formed by crosslinking the thermoplastic polymer;
wherein the thermoplastic polymer is at least one of a porous structure or foam fabricated by at least one of freeze drying, high inverse phase emulsion foaming, physical blowing, pore templating, solution spinning, stereolithographic patterning, extrusion, injection molding, solution casting, dip coating, thermoforming, compression molding, film blowing, ink pen printing, 3 D microdot based printing, laser machining, or combinations thereof.
2. The articles of manufacture of claim 1 wherein the crosslinkable sites are double bonds.
3. The articles of manufacture of claim 1 wherein the thermoset polymer is formed by crosslinking the thermoplastic polymer by at least one of heat, electron beam radiation, or combinations thereof.
4. The articles of manufacture of claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic and thermoset polymers are polyurethanes.
5. The articles of manufacture of claim 4 wherein monomers for the thermoplastic polymer include at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate; trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate; dicyclohexylmethane 4,4′ diisocyanate; trans-1,4-cyclohexylene diisocyanate; 1,5-Diisocyanato-2-methylpentane; 2-butene-1,4-diol; 1,4-butanediol; 1,6-hexanediol; 1,8-octanediol; 1,10-decanediol; 1,6-hexanediylbis[oxy(2-hydroxy-3,1-propanediyl)] bisacrylate; bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate; 3,4-dihydroxy-1-butene; 7-Octene-1,2-diol; pentaerythritol triacrylate; diethylene glycol; diethanolamine; hydroquinone bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether; triethylene glycol, 1-(benzyloxymethyl) triethylene glycol; 2,2′-ethyliminodiethanol, or combinations thereof.
6. The articles of manufacture of claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic polymer has a backbone comprising, in the following order: an electron withdrawing group, a methylene or methyne carbon in the alpha position to the electron withdrawing group, and an unsaturated carbon-carbon double bond in the beta position to the electron withdrawing group.
7. The articles of manufacture of claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic polymer has a side chain comprising, in the following order: an electron withdrawing group, a methylene or methyne carbon in the alpha position to the electron withdrawing group, and an unsaturated carbon-carbon double bond in the beta position to the electron withdrawing group.
8. A method of making polymeric articles having shape memory properties comprising:
forming a thermoplastic linear or branched polymer having crosslinkable sites spaced along a polymer chain,
processing the thermoplastic polymer into a shape, the processing comprising fabricating the thermoplastic polymer into a porous structure or foam having the shape by at least one of freeze drying, high inverse phase emulsion foaming, physical blowing, pore templating, solution spinning, stereolithographic patterning, extrusion, ink pen printing, 3 D microdot based printing, injection molding, extrusion, solution casting, dip coating, thermoforming, compression molding, film blowing, laser machining, or combinations thereof; and
curing or crosslinking the thermoplastic polymer so that a thermoset polymer is formed that has the device shape and form as the permanent shape and may be made to take a stable secondary shape through the application of stress or strain at a temperature above its actuation transition, then held at the secondary shape while cooled to a temperature below its transition temperature.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the curing or crosslinking includes a curing mechanism that includes at least one of:
(a) thermally or radiatively initiated radical crosslinking of vinyl groups,
(b) peroxide or sulfur based crosslinking of vinyl groups,
(c) thiol addition to vinyl,
(d) reaction of isocyanate containing curing agents with hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, or amine on the polymer chains,
(e) condensation of ester linkages,
(f) epoxy chemistry, silane and siloxane coupling reactions, or
(g) combinations thereof.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is made from monomers, the monomers including at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate; trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate; dicyclohexylmethane 4,4′ diisocyanate; trans-1,4-cyclohexylene diisocyanate; 1,5-Diisocyanato-2-methylpentane; 2-butene-1,4-diol; 1,4-butanediol; 1,6-hexanediol; 1,8-octanediol; 1,10-decanediol; 1,6-hexanediylbis[oxy(2-hydroxy-3,1-propanediyl)] bisacrylate; bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate; 3,4-dihydroxy-1-butene; 7-Octene-1,2-diol; pentaerythritol triacrylate; diethylene glycol; diethanolamine; hydroquinone bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether; triethylene glycol, 1-(benzyloxymethyl) triethylene glycol; 2,2′-ethyliminodiethanol, or combinations thereof.
11. The method of claim 8 wherein the thermoplastic polymer has a backbone or side chain comprising, in the following order: an electron withdrawing group, a methylene or methyne carbon in the alpha position to the electron withdrawing group, and an unsaturated carbon-carbon double bond in the beta position to the electron withdrawing group.
12. Articles of construction made by the method of claim 8 .
13. The articles of claim 12 wherein the thermoplastic and thermoset polymers are polyurethanes.
14. The articles of claim 12 wherein the thermoplastic polymer has a backbone or side chain comprising, in the following order: an electron withdrawing group, a methylene or methyne carbon in the alpha position to the electron withdrawing group, and an unsaturated carbon-carbon double bond in the beta position to the electron withdrawing group.
15. The articles of manufacture of claim 2 wherein monomers for the thermoplastic polymer include at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate; trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate; dicyclohexylmethane 4,4′ diisocyanate; trans-1,4-cyclohexylene diisocyanate; 1,5-Diisocyanato-2-methylpentane; 2-butene-1,4-diol; 1,4-butanediol; 1,6-hexanediol; 1,8-octanediol; 1, 10-decanediol; 1, 6-hexanediylbis[oxy(2-hydroxy-3, 1-propanediyl)] bisacrylate; bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate; 3,4-dihydroxy-1-butene; 7-Octene-1,2-diol; pentaerythritol triacrylate; diethylene glycol; diethanolamine; hydroquinone bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether; triethylene glycol, 1-(benzyloxymethyl) triethylene glycol; 2,2′-ethyliminodiethanol, or combinations thereof.
16. The articles of manufacture of claim 15 wherein the thermoplastic polymer has a backbone comprising, in the following order: an electron withdrawing group, a methylene or methyne carbon in the alpha position to the electron withdrawing group, and an unsaturated carbon-carbon double bond in the beta position to the electron withdrawing group.
17. The articles of manufacture of claim 4 wherein the thermoplastic polymer has a backbone comprising, in the following order: an electron withdrawing group, a methylene or methyne carbon in the alpha position to the electron withdrawing group, and an unsaturated carbon-carbon double bond in the beta position to the electron withdrawing group.
18. The articles of manufacture of claim 5 wherein the thermoplastic polymer has a backbone comprising, in the following order: an electron withdrawing group, a methylene or methyne carbon in the alpha position to the electron withdrawing group, and an unsaturated carbon-carbon double bond in the beta position to the electron withdrawing group.
19. The articles of manufacture of claim 2 wherein the thermoplastic polymer has a backbone comprising, in the following order: an electron withdrawing group, a methylene or methyne carbon in the alpha position to the electron withdrawing group, and an unsaturated carbon-carbon double bond in the beta position to the electron withdrawing group.
20. The articles of manufacture of claim 2 wherein the thermoplastic and thermoset polymers are polyurethanes.
21. The articles of manufacture of claim 20 wherein monomers for the thermoplastic polymer include at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate; trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate; dicyclohexylmethane 4,4′ diisocyanate; trans-1,4-cyclohexylene diisocyanate; 1,5-Diisocyanato-2-methylpentane; 2-butene-1,4-diol; 1,4-butanediol; 1,6-hexanediol; 1, 8-octanediol; 1, 10-decanediol; 1,6-hexanediylbis[oxy(2-hydroxy-3, 1-propanediyl)] bisacrylate; bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate; 3,4-dihydroxy-1-butene; 7-Octene-1,2-diol; pentaerythritol triacrylate; diethylene glycol; diethanolamine; hydroquinone bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether; triethylene glycol, 1-(benzyloxymethyl) triethylene glycol; 2,2′-ethyliminodiethanol, or combinations thereof.
22. The articles of manufacture of claim 21 wherein the thermoplastic polymer has a backbone comprising, in the following order: an electron withdrawing group, a methylene or methyne carbon in the alpha position to the electron withdrawing group, and an unsaturated carbon-carbon double bond in the beta position to the electron withdrawing group.
23. The articles of manufacture of claim 21 wherein the thermoplastic polymer has a side chain comprising, in the following order: an electron withdrawing group, a methylene or methyne carbon in the alpha position to the electron withdrawing group, and an unsaturated carbon-carbon double bond in the beta position to the electron withdrawing group.
24. The articles of manufacture of claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic polymer has crosslinkable sites substantially regularly spaced along the polymer chain.
25. The articles of manufacture of claim 1 wherein the thermoset polymer has: (a) a glass transition temperature (Tg) between 25 degrees Celsius and 80 degrees Celsius, (b) a gel fraction of at least 90%, and (c) a percent strain recovery of at least 94%.
26. The articles of manufacture of claim 1 wherein the thermoset polymer has a glass transition temperature (Tg) between 37 and 42 degrees Celsius.