Carrier, developing agent, image forming apparatus, image forming method, replenishment toner, and process cartridge
Carrier for image forming includes a core material particle including a magnetic material and a coating layer disposed on the surface of the core material particle, the coating layer including a resin, carbon black, an inorganic particulate A, and an inorganic particulate B. The carbon black has a concentration gradient along a thickness direction of the coating layer with a concentration from high to low toward a surface of the coating layer while the inorganic particulate A has a concentration gradient along a thickness direction of the coating layer with a concentration from low to high toward the surface of the coating layer. The volume ratio of the carbon black is 0-30 percent at a depth range of 0.0-0.1 μm from the surface of the coating layer. The inorganic particulate A is electroconductive with a powder specific resistance of 200 Ω·cm or less.
1. A carrier comprising:
a core material particle comprising a magnetic material; and
a coating layer disposed on a surface of the core material particle, the coating layer comprising a resin, carbon black, an inorganic particulate A, and an inorganic particulate B,
wherein the carbon black has a concentration gradient along a thickness direction of the coating layer with a concentration from high to low toward a surface of the coating layer,
wherein the inorganic particulate A has a concentration gradient along a thickness direction of the coating layer with a concentration from low to high toward the surface of the coating layer,
wherein a volume ratio of the carbon black is 0 to 30 percent at a depth range of 0.0 to 0.1 μm from the surface of the coating layer,
wherein the inorganic particulate A is electroconductive with a powder specific resistance of 200 Ω·cm or less, and
wherein the inorganic particulate A is:
(i) a compound in which tin oxide is doped with tungsten, indium, phosphorus, or an oxide thereof, or tungsten, indium, phosphorus, or the oxide thereof is doped with tin oxide, or
(ii) an inorganic particulate having the compound of (i) disposed on a surface of a base of the inorganic particulate.
2. The carrier according to claim 1 , wherein a diameter D of the inorganic particulate B and an average thickness T of the coating layer satisfy the following relation:
D/ 2≤ T≤D.
3. A developing agent comprising:
toner; and
the carrier of claim 1 .
4. The developing agent according to claim 3 ,
wherein the toner is negatively-charged toner and
wherein the inorganic particulate B comprises an inorganic particulate of barium sulfate, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, or hydrotalcite.
5. An image forming apparatus comprising:
an image bearer configured to bear a latent electrostatic image;
a latent electrostatic image forming device configured to form the latent electrostatic image;
a developing device comprising the developing agent of claim 3 , and configured to develop the latent electrostatic image with the developing agent to form a visible image;
a transfer device configured to transfer the visible image from the image bearer onto a recording medium; and
a fixing device configured to fix the visible image transferred from the image bearer on the recording medium.
6. An image forming method comprising:
forming a latent electrostatic image on a latent electrostatic image bearer, and developing the latent electrostatic image with the developing agent of claim 3 .
7. The image forming method according to claim 6 , further comprising
developing a latent image on a surface of a latent image bearer at a site where the latent image bearer faces a developing agent bearer bearing the developing agent on a surface of the developing agent bearer with toner supplied to the latent image on the surface of the latent image bearer,
supplying the developing agent to the developing agent bearer by conveying the developing agent along an axis direction of the developing agent bearer,
conveying the developing agent retrieved from the developing agent bearer downstream of a site facing the latent image bearer along the axis direction of the developing agent bearer in a same direction as in the step of supplying, and
supplying residual developing agent not used in the developing but conveyed to farthest downstream in the conveying direction in the step of supplying and the developing agent retrieved from the developing agent bearer and conveyed farthest downstream in the conveying direction in the step of conveying to the step of developing by conveying the residual developing agent and the developing agent retrieved from the developing agent bearer along the axis direction of the developing agent bearer in an opposite direction to the same direction as in the step of the supplying while stirring the residual developing agent and the developing agent retrieved from the developing agent bearer.
8. A process cartridge comprising:
a container; and
the developing agent of claim 3 accommodated in the container.
9. The carrier according to claim 1 , wherein the inorganic particulate A is:
(i) a compound in which tin oxide is doped with tungsten, indium, phosphorus, or an oxide thereof or tungsten, indium, phosphorus, or the oxide thereof is doped with tin oxide.
10. The carrier according to claim 1 , wherein the inorganic particulate A is:
(ii) an inorganic particulate having the compound of (i) disposed on a surface of a base of the inorganic particulate.