Genetically modified mice and engraftment
A mouse with a humanization of the mIL-3 gene and the mGM-CSF gene, a knockout of a mRAG gene, and a knockout of a mll2rg subunit gene; and optionally a humanization of the TPO gene is described. A RAG/ll2rg KO/hTPO knock-in mouse is described. A mouse engrafted with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that maintains a human immune cell (HIC) population derived from the HSCs and that is infectable by a human pathogen, e.g., S. typhi or M. tuberculosis is described. A mouse that models a human pathogen infection that is poorly modeled in mice is described, e.g., a mouse that models a human mycobacterial infection, wherein the mouse develops one or more granulomas comprising human immune cells. A mouse that comprises a human hematopoietic malignancy that originates from an early human hematopoietic cells is described, e.g., a myeloid leukemia or a myeloproliferative neoplasia.
1. A method of producing a mouse comprising a human hemato-lymphoid system and infected with a human pathogen, the method comprising:
engrafting a population of cells that comprise human hematopoietic cells into a genetically modified mouse, wherein the genetically modified mouse comprises
a replacement of a mouse IL-3 gene with a human IL-3 gene at a mouse IL-3 gene locus; and
a replacement of a mouse GM-CSF gene with a human GM-CSF gene at a mouse GM-CSF gene locus, wherein the mouse is immunocompromised for a mouse immune system; and
infecting the genetically modified mouse with a human pathogen.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the mouse comprises a replacement of each allele of the IL-3 gene with a human IL-3 gene.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the mouse comprises a replacement of each allele of the GM-CSF gene with a human GM-CSF gene.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the population of cells comprising human hematopoietic cells comprises a population of human umbilical cord blood cells or human fetal liver cells.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the population of cells comprising human hematopoietic cells comprises human CD34+ cells.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the human hemato-lymphoid system comprises human cells selected from the group consisting of hematopoietic stem cells, myeloid precursor cells, myeloid cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, granulocytes, neutrophils, mast cells, lymphocytes, and platelets.
7. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising:
irradiating the genetically modified mouse prior to the engrafting.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the mouse is null for a RAG gene and null for the mouse interleukin 2 receptor gamma (IL-2Rγ) gene.
9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the method comprises assessing engraftment of human macrophages in the mouse.
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the method comprises assessing an inflammatory response in the mouse.
11. A method comprising:
engrafting a second mouse with human hematopoietic cells isolated from a genetically modified first mouse, wherein the genetically modified first mouse is immunocompromised for a mouse immune system and comprises
an engraftment of human hematopoietic cells,
a replacement of a mouse IL-3 gene with a human IL-3 gene at a mouse IL-3 gene locus, and
a replacement of a mouse GM-CSF gene with a human GM-CSF gene at a mouse GM-CSF gene locus; and
wherein the second mouse is immunocompromised for a mouse immune system and comprises a replacement of a mouse TPO gene with a human TPO gene at a mouse TPO gene locus.
12. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the first mouse, the second mouse, or both the first and the second mouse are null for a RAG gene and null for the mouse interleukin 2 receptor gamma (IL-2Rγ) gene.
13. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the first mouse comprises a replacement of each allele of the IL-3 gene with a human IL-3 gene.
14. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the first mouse comprises a replacement of each allele of the GM-CSF gene with a human GM-CSF gene.
15. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the first mouse comprises a replacement of a mouse TPO gene with a human TPO gene at a mouse TPO gene locus.
16. A second mouse comprising an engraftment of human hematopoietic cells isolated from a genetically modified first mouse, wherein the genetically modified first mouse is immunocompromised for a mouse immune system and comprises
an engraftment of human hematopoietic cells,
a replacement of a mouse IL-3 gene with a human IL-3 gene at a mouse IL-3 gene locus, and
a replacement of a mouse GM-CSF gene with a human GM-CSF gene at a mouse GM-CSF gene locus; and
wherein the second mouse is immunocompromised for a mouse immune system and comprises a replacement of a mouse TPO gene with a human TPO gene at a mouse TPO gene locus.
17. The second mouse according to claim 16 , wherein the first mouse, the second mouse, or both the first and the second mouse are null for a RAG gene and null for the mouse interleukin 2 receptor gamma (IL-2Rγ) gene.
18. The second mouse according to claim 16 , wherein the first mouse comprises a replacement of each allele of the IL-3 gene with a human IL-3 gene.
19. The second mouse according to claim 16 , wherein the first mouse comprises a replacement of each allele of the GM-CSF gene with a human GM-CSF gene.
20. The second mouse according to claim 16 , wherein the first mouse comprises a replacement of a mouse TPO gene with a human TPO gene at a mouse TPO gene locus.