Functionalization of Diels-Alder polyphenylene polymers

1. A composition comprising a structure having the formula (II):

or a salt thereof, wherein:

each R H is, independently, H, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkyl, optionally substituted C 1-12 haloalkyl, optionally substituted C 1-12 perfluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkyl, halo, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alkaryl, optionally substituted arylalkoxy, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted aryloxycarbonyl, optionally substituted aryloyl, optionally substituted arylcarbonylalkyl, optionally substituted arylsulfonyl, or optionally substituted arylsulfonylalkyl;

each R 1 and R 3 is, independently, H, halo, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkyl, optionally substituted C 1-12 haloalkyl, optionally substituted C 1-12 perfluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkyl, R S , R P , R C , or R F , wherein R S is an acidic moiety comprising a sulfonyl group, R P is an acidic moiety comprising a phosphoryl group, R C is an acidic moiety comprising a carbonyl group, and R F is an electron-withdrawing moiety;

each Ar L is, independently, a bivalent linker comprising optionally substituted arylene;

each Ar M is, independently, a bivalent linker comprising optionally substituted arylene;

each q is, independently, an integer of from 0 to 5;

each h is, independently, an integer of from 0 to 5, wherein at least one h is not 0;

m is an integer of from about 1 to 1000; and

wherein at least one R H on a pendent group of formula (II) comprises a substituted aryl group comprising halo or alkoxy or aryloxy.

2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein:

at least one R H is —L H —Ar H ;

L H is a covalent bond, carbonyl, oxy, thio, azo, phosphonoyl, phosphoryl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfonamide, imino, imine, phosphine, nitrilo, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkylene, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkyleneoxy, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkyleneoxy, optionally substituted C 4-18 arylene, or optionally substituted C 4-18 aryleneoxy; and

Ar H is an optionally substituted aryl.

3. The composition of claim 2 , wherein L H is a covalent bond, carbonyl, sulfonyl, —NR L3 —, —(CR L1 R L2 ) La—, —C(O) NR L3 —, —NR L3 C(O)—, —SO 2 —NR L3 —, —NR L3 —SO 2 —, —(CR L1 R L2 ) La —C(O)—NR L3 —, —(CR L1 R L2 ) La —NR L3 —C(O)—, —(CR L1 R L2 ) La —SO 2 —NR L3 —, or —SO 2 —NR L3 —(CR L1 R L2 ) La —;

wherein each of R L1 , R L2 , and R L3 is, independently, H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted alkaryl, optionally substituted aryl, or halo; and

wherein Ar H is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted perfluoroalkyl, optionally substituted nitroalkyl, and optionally substituted alkyl.

4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises a structure having the formula (IIk):

or a salt thereof, wherein:

L H is a covalent bond, carbonyl, oxy, thio, azo, phosphonoyl, phosphoryl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfonamide, imino, imine, phosphine, nitrilo, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkylene, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkyleneoxy, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkyleneoxy, optionally substituted C 4-18 arylene, or optionally substituted C 4-18 aryleneoxy; and

Ar H is an optionally substituted aryl.

5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein at least one R H is an optionally substituted C 4-18 aryl, optionally substituted C 1-6 alk-C 4-18 aryl, optionally substituted C 4-18 aryl-C 1-6 alkoxy, optionally substituted C 4-18 aryloxy, optionally substituted C 5-19 aryloxycarbonyl, optionally substituted C 5-19 aryloyl, optionally substituted C 4-18 arylcarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C 4-18 arylsulfonyl, or optionally substituted C 4-18 arylsulfonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; and/or wherein at least one R H is optionally substituted C 4-18 aryloxy comprising one or more halo or haloalkyl.

6. The composition of claim 5 , wherein each and every R H comprises a substituted aryl group.

7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein:

R S is —SO 2 —R S1 or —SO 2 —NR N1 —R S2 or —SO 2 —NR N1 —SO 2 —R S3 , wherein each R S1 is, independently, H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted perfluoroalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alkaryl, or hydroxyl; each R N1 is, independently, H or optionally substituted C 1-12 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted alkaryl; each R S2 is, independently, H, hydroxyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylsulfonyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted alkaryl; and each R S3 is, independently, H, hydroxyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted C 1-12 haloalkyl, optionally substituted perfluoroalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted alkaryl;

R P is —P(O)(OH) 2 or —O—PO(OH) 2 or —P(O)<R P1 R P2 or —P(O)<R Ar R P2 or —P(O)<R Ar R Ar , and wherein each of R P1 and R P2 is, independently, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alkaryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, hydroxyl, or H; and each of R Ar is, independently, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alkaryl, or optionally substituted aryloxy;

R C is —CO 2 H, —C(O)—R C1 , or —R CA —C(O)—R C1 , and wherein each R C1 is, independently, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alkaryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, hydroxyl, or H; and each R CA is, independently, oxy, optionally substituted alkylene, or optionally substituted heteroalkylene; and

R F is optionally substituted aryloyl, carboxyaldehyde, optionally substituted alkanoyl, or optionally substituted alkyl.

8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein Ar L and/or Ar M is optionally substituted phenylene, optionally substituted naphthylene, or optionally substituted phenanthrylene.

9. The composition of claim 8 , wherein the optional substitution for Ar L is R H , R S , R P , R C , or R F ; and wherein the optional substitution for Ar M is R H , R S , R P , R C , R F , or a label.

10. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises a structure having formula (IIj):

or a salt thereof, wherein:

each of Ar L and Ar M is, independently, an optionally substituted phenylene.

11. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises a structure having any one of formulas (II-1) to (II-10) and (II-13) to (II-18):

or a salt thereof; wherein:

each R H1 is, independently, H, halo, cyano, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted perfluoroalkyl, optionally substituted nitroalkyl, or optionally substituted alkyl;

m is an integer of from about 1 to 500;

each Ak is, independently, an optionally substituted alkylene group; and

each h1 is, independently, an integer of from 1 to 12.

12. The composition of claim 1 , wherein:

at least one R H is —L H —Ar H ;

L H is a covalent bond, carbonyl, oxy, thio, azo, phosphonoyl, phosphoryl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfonamide, imino, imine, phosphine, nitrilo, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkylene, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkyleneoxy, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkyleneoxy, optionally substituted C 4-18 arylene, or optionally substituted C 4-18 aryleneoxy; and

Ar H is a substituted aryl.

13. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the Ar H is a substituted phenyl.

14. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the Ar H is an R H1 -substituted phenyl group, and wherein R H1 is selected from the group consisting of an amino, amido, azido, nitro, nitroso, haloalkyl, and halo.

15. The composition of claim 12 , wherein L H is the covalent bond or carbonyl.

16. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises a structure having formula (IIi):

or a salt thereof, wherein:

each of Ar L and Ar M is, independently, an optionally substituted phenylene and

each and every R H comprises a substituted aryl group.

17. The composition of claim 10 , wherein the composition comprises a structure having formula (IIj):

or a salt thereof, wherein:

each of Ar L and Ar M is, independently, an optionally substituted phenylene and

each and every R H comprises a substituted aryl group.

18. The composition of claim 4 , wherein each Ar H is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted perfluoroalkyl, optionally substituted nitroalkyl, and optionally substituted alkyl.

19. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises a structure having formula (IIq):

or a salt thereof, wherein:

L H is a covalent bond, carbonyl, oxy, thio, azo, phosphonoyl, phosphoryl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfonamide, imino, imine, phosphine, nitrilo, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkylene, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkyleneoxy, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkyleneoxy, optionally substituted C 4-18 arylene, or optionally substituted C 4-18 aryleneoxy; and

each R H1 is, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, halo, cyano, amino, amido, azido, nitro, nitroso, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted perfluoroalkyl, optionally substituted nitroalkyl, optionally substituted aminoalkyl, optionally substituted aryloxy, and optionally substituted alkyl.

20. The composition of claim 19 , wherein each R H1 is, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, halo, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted aminoalkyl, and optionally substituted aryloxy.

21. A composition comprising a structure having the formula (III):

or a salt thereof, wherein:

L H is a covalent bond, carbonyl, oxy, thio, azo, phosphonoyl, phosphoryl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfonamide, imino, imine, phosphine, nitrilo, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkylene, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkyleneoxy, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkyleneoxy, optionally substituted C 4-18 arylene, or optionally substituted C 4-18 aryleneoxy;

Ak H is a substituted alkyl or a substituted heteroalkyl, wherein each of the substituted alkyl or substituted heteroalkyl is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, amino, amido, azido, nitro, nitroso, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted perfluoroalkyl, optionally substituted nitroalkyl, and optionally substituted alkyl;

each R 1 and R 3 is, independently, H, halo, optionally substituted C 1-12 alkyl, optionally substituted C 1-12 haloalkyl, optionally substituted C 1-12 perfluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C 1-12 heteroalkyl, R S , R P , R C , or R F , wherein R S is an acidic moiety comprising a sulfonyl group, R P is an acidic moiety comprising a phosphoryl group, R C is an acidic moiety comprising a carbonyl group, and R F is an electron-withdrawing moiety;

each Ar L is, independently, a bivalent linker comprising optionally substituted arylene;

each Ar M is, independently, a bivalent linker comprising optionally substituted arylene;

each q is, independently, an integer of from 0 to 5;

each h is, independently, an integer of from 0 to 5, wherein at least one h is not 0; and

m is an integer of from about 1 to 1000.

22. The composition of claim 21 , wherein the composition comprises a structure having formula (IIr):

or a salt thereof, wherein:

each R H1 is, independently, selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, amino, amido, azido, nitro, nitroso, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted perfluoroalkyl, optionally substituted nitroalkyl, and optionally substituted alkyl; and

each h1 is, independently, an integer of from 1 to 12.

23. The composition of claim 21 , wherein the composition comprises a structure having formulas (II-11) or (II-12):

or a salt thereof, wherein:

each h1 is, independently, an integer of from 1 to 12.