Carbon material, method for producing carbon material, and non-aqueous secondary battery using carbon material
A carbon material for a non-aqueous secondary battery containing a graphite capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, and having a cumulative pore volume at pore diameters in a range of 0.01 μm to 1 μm of 0.08 mL/g or more, a roundness, as determined by flow-type particle image analysis, of 0.88 or greater, and a pore diameter to particle diameter ratio (PD/d50 (%)) of 1.8 or less, the ratio being given by equation (1A): PD/d50 (%)=mode pore diameter (PD) in a pore diameter range of 0.01 μm to 1 μm in a pore distribution determined by mercury intrusion/volume-based average particle diameter (d50)×100 is provided.
1. A carbon material suitable for a non-aqueous secondary battery, the carbon material comprising:
a carbonaceous material; and
a spheroidized graphite which is at least one selected from the group consisting of flake graphite, crystalline graphite, and vein graphite,
wherein the carbon material is a composite carbon material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions,
wherein the carbon material has a Raman R value of 0.2 or greater,
wherein the carbon material has a cumulative pore volume, at a pore diameter of from 0.01 μm to 1 μm, of 0.08 mL/g or more, determined by mercury intrusion,
wherein the carbon material has a roundness, as determined by a flow-type particle image analysis, of 0.88 or greater,
wherein the carbon material has a ratio of a pore diameter to a particle diameter, PD/d50(%), of 1.8 or less, the ratio following equation (1A):
PD/d 50(%)=mode pore diameter ( PD ) in a pore diameter range of 0.01 μm to 1 μm in a pore distribution determined by mercury intrusion/volume-based average particle diameter ( d 50)×100 (1A),
wherein the carbon material has a true density in a range of from 1.9 to 2.26 g/cm 3 , and
wherein the carbon material has a half width at half maximum of pore distribution, log (nm), of 0.3 or greater, wherein the half width at half maximum of pore distribution, log (nm), is a half width at half maximum at a micropore side of a peak in a pore diameter range of from 0.01 μm to 1 μm in a pore distribution (nm), as determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry, of the carbon material for a non-aqueous secondary battery, with a horizontal axis expressed in common logarithm, log (nm).
2. The carbon material of claim 1 , having a half width at half maximum of pore distribution, log (nm), of 0.45 or greater, wherein the half width at half maximum of pore distribution, log (nm), is a half width at half maximum at a micropore side of a peak in a pore diameter of from 0.01 μm to 1 μm in a pore distribution (nm), as determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry, of the carbon material for a non-aqueous secondary battery, with a horizontal axis expressed in common logarithm, log (nm).
3. The carbon material of claim 1 , wherein the spheroidized graphite is made of the flake graphite.
4. The carbon material of claim 1 , having a frequency of particles having a particle diameter of 3 μm or less of from 1% to 60%, wherein the particle diameter and the frequency of the particles is measured using a flow-type particle image analyzer after the carbon material has been irradiated with ultrasonic waves of 28 kHz at a power of 60 W for 5 minutes.
5. A non-aqueous secondary battery, comprising:
a positive electrode and a negative electrode, each being capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions; and
an electrolyte,
wherein the negative electrode comprises a current collector and a negative electrode active material layer on the current collector, and wherein the negative electrode active material layer comprises the carbon material of claim 1 , and
wherein the non-aqueous secondary battery has a higher output-power at −30° C. than an otherwise identical non-aqueous secondary battery using a carbon material having a cumulative pore volume, at a pore diameter of from 0.01 μm to 1 μm, of <0.08 mL/g, determined by mercury intrusion.
6. The carbon material of claim 1 , having a total pore volume, as determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry, in a range of from 0.7 mL/g to 10 mL/g.
7. The carbon material of claim 4 , having a frequency of particles with a particle diameter of 3 μm or less in a range of from 1% to 30%.
8. The carbon material of claim 1 , having a BET specific surface area is in a range of from 4.9 to 30 m 2 /g.
9. The carbon material of claim 1 , having a BET specific surface area is in a range of from greater than 4.1 to 20 m 2 /g.
10. The carbon material of claim 1 , having a BET specific surface area is in a range of from 5.1 to 18 m 2 /g.
11. The carbon material of claim 1 , wherein the Raman R value is 0.8 or less.
12. The carbon material of claim 1 , having a cumulative pore volume, at a pore diameter of from 0.01 μm to 1 μm, in a range of from 0.09 to 0.3 mL/g, determined by mercury intrusion.
13. The carbon material of claim 1 , having a cumulative pore volume, at a pore diameter of from 0.01 μm to 1 μm, in a range of from 0.10 to 0.25 mL/g, determined by mercury intrusion.
14. A carbon material, comprising:
a graphite capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions,
wherein the carbon material has a total pore volume in a range of from 0.7 to 10 mL/g, determined by mercury intrusion,
wherein the carbon material has a Raman R value of 0.2 or greater,
wherein the carbon material has a cumulative pore volume, at a pore diameter of from 0.01 μm to 1 μm, of 0.08 mL/g or more, determined by mercury intrusion,
wherein the carbon material has a roundness, as determined by a flow-type particle image analysis, of 0.88 or greater,
wherein the carbon material has a ratio of a pore diameter to a particle diameter, PD/d50(%), of 1.8 or less, the ratio following equation (1A):
PD/d 50(%)=mode pore diameter ( PD ) in a pore diameter range of 0.01 μm to 1 μm in a pore distribution determined by mercury intrusion/volume-based average particle diameter ( d 50)×100 (1A), and
wherein the carbon material is suitable for a non-aqueous secondary battery.
15. The carbon material of claim 14 , having a cumulative pore volume, at a pore diameter of from 0.01 μm to 1 μm, in a range of from 0.09 to 0.3 mL/g, determined by mercury intrusion.
16. The carbon material of claim 14 , having a cumulative pore volume, at a pore diameter of from 0.01 μm to 1 μm, in a range of from 0.10 to 0.25 mL/g, determined by mercury intrusion.
17. The carbon material of claim 14 , having a cumulative pore volume, at a pore diameter of from 0.01 μm to 1 μm, in a range of from 0.11 to 0.3 mL/g, determined by mercury intrusion.
18. The carbon material of claim 14 , having a tap density in a range of from 0.60 to 1.5 g/cm 3 .
19. A non-aqueous secondary battery, comprising:
a positive electrode and a negative electrode, each being capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions; and
an electrolyte,
wherein the negative electrode comprises a current collector and a negative electrode active material layer on the current collector, and wherein the negative electrode active material layer comprises the carbon material of claim 14 , and
wherein the non-aqueous secondary battery has a higher upper limit charge voltage at −30° C. than an otherwise identical non-aqueous secondary battery using a carbon material having a cumulative pore volume, at a pore diameter of from 0.01 μm to 1 μm, of <0.08 mL/g, determined by mercury intrusion.