Water electrolyzers
Water electrolyzers employs base metal catalysts and an anion-conducting polymeric membrane comprising a polymer of styrene, vinylbenzyl-R s and possibly vinylbenzyl-R x . R s is a positively charged cyclic amine group. R x is at least one constituent selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —OH, and a reaction product between an —OH or —Cl and a species other than a simple amine or a cyclic amine.
1. A water electrolyzer comprising:
(a) an anode comprising a quantity of anode catalyst;
(b) a cathode comprising a quantity of cathode catalyst, said cathode having a cathode reactant introduced thereto via at least one cathode reactant flow channel;
(c) a polymer electrolyte membrane interposed between said anode and said cathode; and
(d) a source of electrical energy that applies a voltage between the anode and cathode,
wherein said polymer electrolyte membrane comprises a terpolymer of styrene, vinylbenzyl-R s , wherein R s is a positively charged cyclic amine group, and vinylbenzyl-R x , wherein R x is at least one constituent selected from the group consisting of Cl, OH, and a reaction product between an OH or Cl and a reactant other than an amine, and wherein the total weight of the vinylbenzyl-R x groups is at least 1% of the total weight of the terpolymer.
2. The water electrolyzer of claim 1 , wherein the total weight of the vinylbenzyl-R s , groups in said polymer electrolyte membrane is between 15% and 90% of the total weight of the terpolymer.
3. The water electrolyzer of claim 1 , wherein said polymeric membrane has a thickness of from 10 to 300 micrometers.
4. The water electrolyzer of claim 1 , wherein the total weight of the vinylbenzyl-R x groups in said polymer electrolyte membrane is between 1% and 25% of the total weight of the terpolymer.
5. The water electrolyzer of claim 4 , wherein the total weight of the vinylbenzyl-R x groups in said polymer electrolyte membrane is between 1% and 15% of the total weight of the terpolymer.
6. The water electrolyzer of claim 1 , wherein said positively charged cyclic amine group is an imidazolium or a pyridinium.
7. The water electrolyzer of claim 6 , wherein said positively charged cyclic amine group is an alkylpyridinium.
8. The water electrolyzer of claim 6 , wherein said positively charged cyclic amine group is tetramethylimidazolium.
9. The water electrolyzer of claim 1 , wherein said anode catalyst comprises a metal catalyst, said metal being other than Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, and Au.
10. The water electrolyzer of claim 1 , wherein said cathode catalyst comprises a metal catalyst, said metal being other than Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, and Au.
11. The water electrolyzer of claim 1 , wherein said anode catalyst consists essentially of one or more metal catalysts, said metal being other than Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, and Au.
12. The water electrolyzer of claim 1 , wherein said cathode catalyst consists essentially of one or more metal catalysts, said metal being other than Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, and Au.
13. The water electrolyzer of claim 1 , wherein said cathode reactant comprises water.