Shielded, transmission-target, x-ray tube

1. A transmission-target x-ray tube comprising:

a) a cathode including an electron-emitter capable of emitting electrons towards a target material on an x-ray window;

b) an anode including a window-housing and the x-ray window, with the x-ray window mounted on a window-mount portion of the window-housing;

c) an electrically-insulative enclosure carrying the cathode and the anode and electrically-insulating the cathode from the anode;

d) the x-ray window being configured for transmission of x-rays and including the target material configured for production and emission of x-rays in response to impinging electrons; and

e) the window-housing including:

i) a proximal-end closer to the electron-emitter than an other end of the window-housing;

ii) a distance between the window-mount and the electron-emitter is farther than a distance between the window-mount and the proximal-end of the window housing;

iii) an aperture:

extending through the window-housing from the proximal-end to the window-mount;

including an increasing-inner-diameter region with a smaller diameter closer to the proximal-end and a larger diameter closer to the window-mount; and

having an angle in the increasing-inner-diameter region that is between 15 degrees and 35 degrees with respect to a longitudinal-axis of the x-ray tube, the longitudinal-axis extending from the electron-emitter through the aperture of the window-housing and through the x-ray window;

iv) an average atomic number of at least 45; and

v) an average density of at least 12 g/cm 3 ;

f) 2*D e ≤D p ≤4*D e , where D p is a diameter of the aperture of the window-housing at the proximal-end and D e is an electron-beam diameter at the proximal-end of the aperture of the window-housing.

2. A transmission-target x-ray tube comprising:

a) a cathode including an electron-emitter capable of emitting electrons towards a target material on an x-ray window;

b) an anode including a window-housing, a window-cap, and the x-ray window, with the x-ray window mounted on a window-mount portion of the window-housing and sandwiched between the window-cap and the window-housing;

c) an electrically-insulative enclosure carrying the cathode and the anode and electrically-insulating the cathode from the anode;

d) the x-ray window being configured for transmission of x-rays and including the target material configured for production and emission of x-rays in response to impinging electrons;

e) the window-cap including:

i) an aperture extending therethrough;

ii) an average atomic number of at least 45; and

iii) an average density of at least 12 g/cm 3 ;

f) the window-housing including:

i) a proximal-end closer to the electron-emitter than an other end of the window-housing;

ii) a distance between the window-mount and the electron-emitter is farther than a distance between the window-mount and the proximal-end of the window housing;

iii) an aperture, extending through the window-housing from the proximal-end to the window-mount, and including an increasing-inner-diameter region with a smaller diameter closer to the proximal-end and a larger diameter closer to the window-mount;

iv) an average atomic number of at least 45; and

v) an average density of at least 12 g/cm 3 ;

g) a blocking-disk, associated with and electrically-coupled to the cathode, and having an average atomic number of at least 45 and an average density of at least 12 g/cm 3 .

3. A transmission-target x-ray tube comprising:

a) a cathode including an electron-emitter capable of emitting electrons towards a target material on an x-ray window;

b) an anode including a window-housing and the x-ray window, with the x-ray window mounted on a window-mount portion of the window-housing;

c) an electrically-insulative enclosure carrying the cathode and the anode and electrically-insulating the cathode from the anode;

d) the x-ray window being configured for transmission of x-rays and including the target material configured for production and emission of x-rays in response to impinging electrons; and

e) the window-housing including:

i) a proximal-end closer to the electron-emitter than an other end of the window-housing;

ii) a distance between the window-mount and the electron-emitter is farther than a distance between the window-mount and the proximal-end of the window housing;

iii) an aperture, extending through the window-housing from the proximal-end to the window-mount, including an increasing-inner-diameter region with a smaller diameter closer to the proximal-end and a larger diameter closer to the window-mount, and having an angle in the increasing-inner-diameter region that is at least 20 degrees with respect to a longitudinal-axis of the x-ray tube, the longitudinal-axis extending from the electron-emitter through the aperture of the window-housing and through the x-ray window;

iv) an average atomic number of at least 45; and

v) an average density of at least 12 g/cm 3 .

4. The x-ray tube of claim 3 , wherein 2*D e ≤D p ≤4*D e , where D p is a diameter of the aperture of the window-housing at the proximal-end and D e is an electron-beam diameter at the proximal-end of the aperture of the window-housing.

5. The x-ray tube of claim 3 , wherein the angle of the aperture of the window-housing in the increasing-inner-diameter region is less than 35 degrees.

6. The x-ray tube of claim 3 , further comprising a blocking-disk, associated with and electrically-coupled to the cathode, and having an average atomic number of at least 45 and an average density of at least 12 g/cm 3 .

7. The x-ray tube of claim 6 , wherein the blocking-disk is sized and located to block at least 80% of x-rays that are emitted from the x-ray window through the aperture of the window-housing and reflected back into an evacuated-region between the electron-emitter and the anode.

8. The x-ray tube of claim 6 , wherein:

a) the x-ray tube is part of an x-ray source and the x-ray source further comprises a power supply;

b) the power supply is electrically-coupled to the electron-emitter, the blocking-disk, and to the anode; and

c) the power supply is configured to provide 10V≤ΔV≤500 V, where V means volts and ΔV means a voltage differential between the electron-emitter and the blocking-disk.

9. The x-ray tube of claim 6 , wherein at least part of the blocking-disk is located closer to the anode than the electron-emitter and at least part of the blocking-disk is located farther from the anode than the electron-emitter, as measured along a path that is parallel to a longitudinal-axis of the x-ray tube, the longitudinal-axis extending from the electron-emitter through the aperture of the window-housing and through the x-ray window.

10. The x-ray tube of claim 3 , wherein:

a) the x-ray tube is part of an x-ray source and the x-ray source further comprises a power supply;

b) the power supply is electrically-coupled to the cathode and to the anode;

c) the power supply is capable of providing, and the x-ray tube is capable of operating at:

i) a voltage differential of at least 50 kilovolts between the cathode and to the anode; and

ii) a power of at least 500 watts; and

d) the x-ray tube has:

i) a length of less than 50 millimeters; and

iii a maximum diameter of less than 20 millimeters.

11. The x-ray tube of claim 10 , wherein the x-ray tube and the power supply are capable of operating continuously for a period of at least 20 hours at a power of at least 100 watts with air cooling and without any liquid-cooling heat exchanger.

12. The x-ray tube of claim 3 , wherein an average atomic number of the window-housing is at least 65 and an average density of the window-housing is at least 17 g/cm 3 .

13. The x-ray tube of claim 3 , further comprising a window-cap, wherein:

a) the x-ray window is sandwiched between the window-cap and the window-housing; and

b) the window-cap includes:

i) an aperture extending therethrough;

ii) an average atomic number of at least 45; and

iii) an average density of at least 12 g/cm 3 .

14. The x-ray tube of claim 3 , wherein:

a) the x-ray window is a first x-ray window;

b) the x-ray tube further comprises a second x-ray window;

c) the first x-ray window is located between the second x-ray window and the electron-emitter; and

d) the first x-ray window is electrically-insulated from the second x-ray window.

15. The x-ray tube of claim 14 , wherein:

a) the electrically-insulative enclosure is a first electrically-insulative enclosure;

b) the x-ray tube further comprises a second electrically-insulative enclosure and an electrically-conductive disk;

c) the second electrically-insulative enclosure electrically-insulates the first x-ray window from the second x-ray window;

d) the electrically-conductive disk:

i) separates the first electrically-insulative enclosure from the second electrically-insulative enclosure;

ii) has a thermal conductivity of at least 300 W/m*K;

iii) supports the window-housing within the x-ray tube;

iv) includes an aperture therethrough that aligns with a longitudinal-axis of the x-ray tube, the longitudinal-axis extending linearly from the electron-emitter and through the aperture of the window-housing, the first x-ray window, and the second x-ray window.

16. The x-ray tube of claim 15 , wherein:

a) the first electrically-insulative enclosure has a wall thickness of at least 2.5 millimeters; and

b) the second electrically-insulative enclosure has a wall thickness of at least 2.5 millimeters.

17. The x-ray tube of claim 14 , wherein:

a) the x-ray tube is part of an x-ray source, the x-ray source further comprising a power supply;

b) the power supply is electrically-coupled to the cathode, the anode, and to the second x-ray window; and

c) the power supply is capable of providing a voltage differential of at least:

i) 75 kilovolts between the cathode and the anode; and

ii) 30 kilovolts between the anode and the second x-ray window.

18. The x-ray source of claim 17 , wherein:

a) the x-ray source is capable of providing x-rays with a power of at least 12 watts; and

b) the x-ray tube has a weight of less than 200 grams.

19. The x-ray tube of claim 18 , wherein the x-ray tube and power supply are capable of operating continuously for a period of at least 20 hours at a power of at least 15 watts with air cooling and without any liquid-cooling heat exchanger.

20. The x-ray tube of claim 3 , wherein the angle of the aperture of the window-housing in the increasing-inner-diameter region is at least 25 degrees.