Stationary intraoral tomosynthesis imaging systems, methods, and computer readable media for three dimensional dental imaging

1. A stationary intraoral tomosynthesis system for three-dimensional (3D) imaging of an object, the system comprising:

a spatially distributed x-ray source array comprising one or more focal spots;

a multiple degree-of-freedom device (DOF), which is attached to the spatially distributed x-ray source array at a first end of an articulating arm, the first end of the articulating arm being located closest to the object;

a control unit comprising a power supply and control electronics configured to control the spatially distributed x-ray source array, wherein the control unit is attachable to a second end of the articulating arm, wherein the control unit is connected to the spatially distributed x-ray source array via electrical cables through an inside of or along the articulating arm, and wherein the control unit is mountable to a wall or a surface;

an intraoral detector configured to record one or more x-ray projection images, wherein each of the one or more x-ray projection images is generated by x-ray radiation emitted from a corresponding focal spot of the one or more focal spots of the spatially distributed x-ray source array;

a collimator disposed between the spatially distributed x-ray source array and the object, wherein the collimator is coupleable to the intraoral detector by a detector holder, the collimator being configured to confine x-ray radiation emitted from the one or more focal spots of the spatially distributed x-ray source array to a common area defined by the intraoral detector,

wherein the collimator comprises:

an aiming cone;

a first collimator plate disposed at a first end of the aiming cone in proximity to the spatially distributed x-ray source array, wherein the first collimator plate comprises one or more apertures, which are each configured to collimate the x-ray radiation emitted from the corresponding focal spot of the one or more focal spots of the spatially distributed x-ray source array, and

a second collimator plate disposed at a second end of the aiming cone in proximity to the intraoral detector, wherein the second collimator plate comprises a common aperture configured for all of the one or more focal spots,

wherein the first and second collimator plates are configured such that the x-ray radiation for each of the one or more focal spots is configured to be collimated to a substantially common area on a surface of the intraoral detector without any mechanical motion of the spatially distributed x-ray source, the intraoral detector, or the first and/or second collimator plates; and

wherein the system is configured to perform tomosynthesis reconstruction to generate one or more 3D images using the one or more x-ray projection images using a computing platform.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the spatially distributed x-ray source array is rotatable about three independent axes defined by the DOF device to align the spatially distributed x-ray source array with respect to the object.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first and second collimator plates are disposed in substantially parallel planes relative to one another on the aiming cone.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first collimator plate is fixed to the spatially distributed x-ray source array and the second collimator plate is interchangeable depending on an orientation and/or size of the intraoral detector.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the collimator is configured such that x-ray exposure from each of the focal spots is collimated to the intraoral detector within approximately one percent of an active detector area dimension.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the spatially distributed x-ray source array comprises a carbon nanotube based field emission x-ray source array.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the intraoral detector is a digital detector that is synchronized with x-ray exposure from the spatially distributed x-ray source array to record the one or more x-ray projection images during one or more scan, and

wherein each of the one or more x-ray projection images is generated by the x-ray radiation emitted from the corresponding focal spot of the one or more focal spots of the spatially distributed x-ray source array.

8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more x-ray projection images are configured to be transmitted from the intraoral detector to the computing platform through either a data transmission line that connects the intraoral detector with the computing platform or a wireless transmission therebetween.

9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system is configured to perform a tomosynthesis scan, which comprises collecting the one or more x-ray projection images, wherein x-ray exposure and collecting the one or more x-ray projection images is configured to be synchronized following a pre-programmed protocol comprising:

activating a first focal spot to emit x-ray radiation for an x-ray exposure time and triggering acquisition of intraoral detector data for a dwell time, wherein the dwell time is a same duration as the x-ray exposure time;

after the dwell time, deactivating the first focal spot to stop the x-ray radiation from being emitted therefrom and transmitting the intraoral detector data to the computing platform for a fixed readout time;

after the fixed readout time, activating a second focal spot to emit x-ray radiation for the x-ray exposure time and triggering a subsequent acquisition of new intraoral detector data for the dwell time;

after the dwell time, deactivating the second focal spot to stop the x-ray radiation from being emitted therefrom and transmitting the new intraoral detector data to the computing platform for a fixed readout time; and

repeating the activating and deactivating steps until a last x-ray projection image from a last focal spot is acquired and transmitted to the computing platform.

10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system is configured to perform a tomosynthesis scan, which comprises collecting the one or more x-ray projection images, wherein x-ray exposure and collecting the one or more x-ray projection images is configured to be synchronized following a pre-programed protocol comprising:

triggering, by an x-ray exposure, an acquisition of intraoral detector data for each of the one or more x-ray projection images for a dwell time, wherein the x-ray exposure comprises x-ray radiation emitted from the corresponding focal spot, and wherein the dwell time is preset for each of the one or more x-ray projection images;

transmitting, after each x-ray exposure, the intraoral detector data to the computing platform;

resetting, after the acquisition of each of the one or more x-ray projection images, the intraoral detector, and

repeating the triggering, transmitting, and resetting steps until a last of the one or more x-ray projection images from a last focal spot is acquired and transmitted.

11. The system of claim 1 , wherein:

the control unit is configured to set a same x-ray tube current for each of the one or more focal spots,

the control unit is configured to apply an extraction voltage to an extraction gate for a cathode of each corresponding focal spot, and

an x-ray exposure level for each of the one or more x-ray projection images is set by varying an x-ray exposure time.

12. A stationary intraoral tomosynthesis system for three-dimensional (3D) imaging of an object, the system comprising:

a spatially distributed x-ray source array comprising one or more focal spots;

a multiple degree-of-freedom device (DOF), which is attached to the spatially distributed x-ray source array at a first end of an articulating arm, the first end of the articulating arm being located closest to the object;

a control unit comprising a power supply and control electronics configured to control the spatially distributed x-ray source array, wherein the control unit is attachable to a second end of the articulating arm, wherein the control unit is connected to the spatially distributed x-ray source array via electrical cables through an inside of or along the articulating arm, and wherein the control unit is mountable to a wall or a surface;

an intraoral detector configured to record one or more x-ray projection images, wherein each of the one or more x-ray projection images is generated by x-ray radiation emitted from a corresponding focal spot of the one or more focal spots of the spatially distributed x-ray source array;

a collimator disposed between the spatially distributed x-ray source array and the object, wherein the collimator is coupleable to the intraoral detector by a detector holder, the collimator being configured to confine x-ray radiation emitted from the one or more focal spots of the spatially distributed x-ray source array to a common area defined by the intraoral detector; and

an x-ray detector holder configured to couple to the collimator at a first end of the x-ray detector holder and to the intraoral detector at a second end of the x-ray detector holder,

wherein the intraoral detector is adapted to mount to the second end of the x-ray detector holder and is configured to be placed inside a mouth of the patient and wherein the first end of the x-ray detector holder is coupled to an exit window of the collimator.

13. The system of claim 12 , wherein a plurality of magnets is disposed on a surface of the first end of the x-ray detector holder and the collimator to magnetically couple the x-ray detector holder to the collimator.

14. The system of claim 12 , wherein the system is operated in a constant exposure mode, in which an x-ray exposure level is adjustable by varying an x-ray tube current for each of the one or more focal spots.

15. A method for three-dimensional (3D) imaging using a stationary intraoral tomosynthesis system, the method comprising:

positioning a spatially distributed x-ray source array of the stationary intraoral tomosynthesis system outside a mouth of a patient, wherein the spatially distributed x-ray source array comprises one or more focal spots;

positioning an x-ray detector inside the mouth of the patient using an x-ray detector holder configured for at least one imaging protocol, wherein the x-ray detector holder comprises a plurality of magnets disposed on a first end of the x-ray detector holder, the first end of which is located outside the mouth of the patient;

providing a first collimator plate on a first end of a collimator and a second collimator plate on a second end of the collimator, wherein the second collimator plate is selected so as to correspond to one or more aspects of the x-ray detector holder for the at least one imaging protocol;

coupling the spatially distributed x-ray source array and the collimator to the x-ray detector holder via the second collimator plate by coupling the second collimator plate onto the second end of the collimator and the first end of the x-ray detector holder;

acquiring one or more x-ray projection images of the mouth of the patient from one or more viewing angles by sequentially activating each of the one or more focal spots for a pre-set radiation dose and x-ray energy, wherein the one or more x-ray projection images are two-dimensional (2D);

transferring the one or more x-ray projection images to a computing platform;

reconstructing, from the one or more x-ray projection images, one or more 3D tomosynthesis images using one or more iterative reconstruction algorithms; and

processing the one or more 3D tomosynthesis images and displaying the one or more 3D tomosynthesis images on one or more monitors, which are electrically connected to the computing platform.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the one or more iterative reconstruction algorithms comprise implementing an iterative truncation artifact reduction method to enhance an image quality and maximize field of view for a given size of the x-ray detector.

17. The method of claim 15 , comprising generating one or more synthetic x-ray projection images from projection directions which are a same as, or different from, directions that at least one of the one or more x-ray projection images were collected, wherein the one or more synthetic x-ray projection images are two-dimensional (2D).

18. The method of claim 17 , comprising simultaneously displaying the one or more 3D tomosynthesis images and the one or more synthetic x-ray projection images to enhance characterization and diagnostics of dental diseases.

19. The method of claim 15 , comprising displaying a sequence of the one or more x-ray projection images from different projection angles to enhance a visualization of proximity interfaces between two or more teeth.

20. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising computer executable instructions that, when executed by a processor of a computer, control the computer to perform a method, the method comprising:

positioning a spatially distributed x-ray source array of the stationary intraoral tomosynthesis system outside a mouth of a patient, wherein the spatially distributed x-ray source array comprises one or more focal spots;

positioning an x-ray detector inside the mouth of the patient using an x-ray detector holder configured for at least one imaging protocol, wherein the x-ray detector holder comprises a plurality of magnets disposed on a first end of the x-ray detector holder, the first end of which is located outside the mouth of the patient;

providing a first collimator plate on a first end of a collimator and a second collimator plate on a second end of the collimator, wherein the second collimator plate is selected so as to correspond to one or more aspects of the x-ray detector holder for the at least one imaging protocol;

coupling the spatially distributed x-ray source array and the collimator to the x-ray detector holder via the second collimator plate by coupling the second collimator plate onto the second end of the collimator and the first end of the x-ray detector holder;

acquiring one or more x-ray projection images of the mouth of the patient from one or more viewing angles by sequentially activating each of the one or more focal spots for a pre-set radiation dose and x-ray energy, wherein the one or more x-ray projection images are two-dimensional (2D);

transferring the one or more x-ray projection images to a computing platform;

reconstructing, from the one or more x-ray projection images, one or more 3D tomosynthesis images using one or more iterative reconstruction algorithms; and

processing the one or more 3D tomosynthesis images and displaying the one or more 3D tomosynthesis images on one or more monitors, which are electrically connected to the computing platform.

21. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 20 , comprising rotating the spatially distributed x-ray source array about three independent axes defined by a multiple degree-of-freedom device (DOF), to which the spatially distributed x-ray source array is attached, to align the spatially distributed x-ray source array with respect to mouth of the patient.