High temperature humidification membranes
Membranes and methods of making and using the membranes are described herein. The membranes can include a foamed polymeric support and a plurality of inorganic particles disposed within the foamed polymeric support. The foamed polymeric support can contain a hydrophilic polymer such as polyethersulfone. The plurality of inorganic particles can include hydrophilic particles such as zeolite particles. In certain embodiments, the membrane can be used in humidifiers, such as those used in fuel cell systems. In some aspects, the membrane can be used for separating a fluid mixture comprising water. The membranes described herein are stable for high temperature applications.
1. A membrane comprising:
a support comprising a foamed layer and an unfoamed layer, wherein the support is derived from a hydrophilic polymer and a plurality of inorganic particles, and
wherein the unfoamed layer is integrally bonded to an outer surface of the foamed layer,
wherein the hydrophilic polymer is one of polyethersulfone, polyphenylenesulfone, or polysulfone,
wherein the plurality of inorganic particles are present in an amount from 30 wt % to 50 wt %, based on the total weight of the support, and the plurality of inorganic particles comprise zeolite,
wherein the support is produced by solid state foaming, and
wherein the membrane has an N 2 permeance of 1 sccm or less at a pressure differential of 5 psi.
2. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the polymer has a glass transition temperature of at least 90° C.
3. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the sulfone-based hydrophilic polymer is polyethersulfone.
4. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of inorganic particles have an average particle diameter of from about 100 nm to about 1 μm.
5. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the support comprises cells having an average diameter of about 100 microns or less.
6. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the membrane has an average thickness of from about 100 microns to about 500 microns.
7. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the membrane is selectively permeable to water.
8. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the membrane has a water vapor transmission rate of at least about 1.0×10 −5 mol·s −1 m −2 at 30° C., as measured according to ASTM E398.
9. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the membrane has a N 2 permeance of less than 1 standard cubic centimeter per minute at 15 psi and 21° C.
10. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the membrane has a N 2 permeance of less than 0.1 standard cubic centimeter per minute at 5 psi and 21° C.
11. A humidifier comprising the membrane of claim 1 .
12. A fuel cell comprising the humidifier of claim 11 .
13. A method for separating a fluid mixture comprising water, the method comprising contacting the membrane of claim 1 with the fluid mixture under conditions effective to afford transmembrane permeation of the water.
14. A method of making a foamed polymer membrane of claim 1 , comprising,
(a) providing a material comprising a hydrophilic polymer and a plurality of inorganic particles,
(b) processing the material by solid state foaming to form a foamed polymer membrane comprising a foamed layer and an unfoamed layer integrally bonded to an outer surface of the foamed layer,
wherein the hydrophilic polymer is one of polyethersulfone, polyphenylenesulfone, or polysulfone, the plurality of inorganic particles are present in an amount from 30 wt % to 50 wt %, based on the total weight of the material, and the plurality of inorganic particles comprise zeolite, and
wherein the membrane has an N 2 permeance of 1 sccm or less at a pressure differential of 5 psi.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein step (a) comprises
(i) mixing hydrophilic polymer particles and the plurality of inorganic particles to form a blend, and
(ii) extruding the blend to form the material comprising the hydrophilic polymer and plurality of inorganic particles.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein step (a) comprises
(i) mixing the hydrophilic polymer and the plurality of inorganic particles with a solvent to form a mixture, and
(ii) casting the mixture to form the material comprising the polymer and plurality of inorganic particles.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein step (b) comprises
(i) contacting the material with a gas to form a gas saturated material, and
(ii) heating the gas saturated material to form the foamed polymer membrane.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the gas saturated material is heated to a temperature of at least about 160° C.