Niobium-based alloy that is resistant to aqueous corrosion
In various embodiments, a metal alloy resistant to aqueous corrosion consists essentially of or consists of niobium with additions of tungsten, molybdenum, and one or both of ruthenium and palladium.
1. A method of exchanging heat with an acidic process fluid, the method comprising:
providing a heat exchanger comprising (i) a shell defining an interior volume therewithin, (ii) a plurality of tubes disposed within the interior volume, (iii) a process inlet fluidly connected to the plurality of tubes, (iv) a process outlet fluidly connected to the plurality of tubes, (v) an exchange inlet fluidly connected to the interior volume, and (vi) an exchange outlet fluidly connected to the interior volume;
flowing a heat-exchange fluid from the exchange inlet to the exchange outlet, the heat-exchange fluid making thermal contact with an exterior of each of the tubes; and
flowing a process fluid from the process inlet, through the plurality of tubes, to the process outlet, the flowing process fluid exchanging heat with the heat-exchange fluid,
wherein:
an interior of each of the tubes is composed of a metallic alloy consisting essentially of (i) 1 weight percent-5 weight percent tungsten, (ii) 0.5 weight percent-5 weight percent molybdenum, (iii) at least one of ruthenium or palladium collectively present at 0.2 weight percent-5 weight percent, and (iv) the balance niobium, and
the process fluid comprises one or more acids, the interior of each of the tubes resisting corrosion by the process fluid during heat exchange between the process fluid and the heat-exchange fluid.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the process fluid comprises at least one of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, or acetic acid.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein, before exchanging heat with the heat-exchange fluid, a temperature of the process fluid is in the range of approximately 80° C. to approximately 250° C.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heat-exchange fluid comprises at least one of water or steam.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the shell of the heat exchanger comprises steel.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the tubes comprises steel and a layer of the metallic alloy disposed on an interior surface thereof.