Neat methods for forming titanium catecholate complexes and associated compositions
Titanium catecholate complexes can be desirable active materials for flow batteries and other electrochemical energy storage systems, particularly when incorporated in aqueous electrolyte solutions. It can be desirable to avoid introducing even traces of certain organic solvents into aqueous electrolyte solutions. Neat methods for synthesizing titanium catecholate complexes can help avoid the unwanted introduction of trace organic solvents into aqueous electrolyte solutions and also provide further advantages. Methods for synthesizing titanium catecholate complexes can include: combining a catechol compound and a titanium reagent in an absence of solvent to produce a reaction mixture, and reacting the titanium reagent with the catechol compound in a neat state to form a titanium catecholate complex containing at least one catecholate ligand. The titanium catecholate complex can be further reacted with a base to produce a salt form titanium catecholate complex, which can be present in an aqueous phase.
1. A method comprising:
combining a catechol compound and a titanium reagent in an absence of solvent to produce a reaction mixture; and
reacting the titanium reagent with the catechol compound in a neat state to form a titanium catecholate complex comprising at least one catecholate ligand.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
separating a byproduct species from the titanium catecholate complex, the byproduct species being generated when reacting the titanium reagent with the catechol compound.
3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising:
reacting a base with the titanium catecholate complex to produce a salt form titanium catecholate complex.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the base is reacted with the titanium catecholate complex after separating the byproduct species.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the salt form titanium catecholate complex is produced in an aqueous phase.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the base is present in an alkaline aqueous solution.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the aqueous phase is substantially free of an extraneous salt not associated with the salt form titanium catecholate complex.
8. The method of claim 2 , wherein the byproduct species comprises one or more hydrogen halides.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising
reacting a base with the titanium catecholate complex to produce a salt form titanium catecholate complex.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the salt form titanium catecholate complex is produced in an aqueous phase.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the base is present in an alkaline aqueous solution.
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
separating a byproduct species from the titanium catecholate complex, the byproduct species being generated when reacting the titanium reagent with the catechol compound;
after separating the byproduct species, combining an alkaline aqueous solution comprising a base with the titanium catecholate complex; and
reacting the base with the titanium catecholate complex to produce a salt form titanium catecholate complex that is at least partially dissolved in an aqueous phase.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the byproduct species comprises one or more hydrogen halides.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the aqueous phase is substantially free of an extraneous salt not associated with the salt form titanium catecholate complex.
15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
heating the reaction mixture.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the titanium reagent comprises at least one titanium compound that is a liquid at 25° C.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the titanium reagent comprises at least one titanium compound having a melting point of about 150° C. or below.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein combining the catechol compound and the titanium reagent comprises adding the titanium reagent to the catechol compound.
19. A method comprising:
combining a catechol compound and a titanium reagent in an absence of solvent to form a reaction mixture;
reacting the titanium reagent with the catechol compound in a neat state to form a titanium catecholate complex comprising at least one catecholate ligand;
wherein the titanium reagent is in a liquid state while reacting with the catechol compound;
separating a byproduct species comprising a hydrogen halide gas from the titanium catecholate complex; and
after separating the byproduct species, reacting a base with the titanium catecholate complex to produce a salt form titanium catecholate complex.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the base is present in an alkaline aqueous solution and the salt form titanium catecholate complex is produced in an aqueous phase.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the aqueous phase is substantially free of an extraneous salt not associated with the salt form titanium catecholate complex.
22. The method of claim 19 , further comprising:
heating the reaction mixture.