Ultra-breathable and protective membranes with sub-5 nm carbon nanotube pores
In one embodiment, a product includes a plurality of carbon nanotubes and a fill material in interstitial spaces between the carbon nanotubes for limiting or preventing fluidic transfer between opposite sides of the product except through interiors of the carbon nanotubes. Moreover, the longitudinal axes of the carbon nanotubes are substantially parallel, where an average inner diameter of the carbon nanotubes is about 20 nanometers or less. In addition, the ends of the carbon nanotubes are open and the fill material is impermeable or having an average porosity that is less than the average inner diameter of the carbon nanotubes.
1. A product, comprising:
a plurality of carbon nanotubes; and
a fill material in interstitial spaces between the carbon nanotubes for limiting fluidic transfer between opposite sides of the product except through interiors of the carbon nanotubes,
wherein longitudinal axes of the carbon nanotubes are substantially parallel,
wherein an average inner diameter of the carbon nanotubes is about 20 nanometers or less,
wherein ends of the carbon nanotubes are open,
wherein the fill material is permeable to water vapor,
wherein the fill material is configured to prevent penetration of chemicals and biologicals having a size larger than a water molecule into the fill material by size exclusion.
2. The product as recited in claim 1 , wherein sidewalls of the carbon nanotubes are primarily one atom thick.
3. The product as recited in claim 1 , wherein the average inner diameter of the carbon nanotubes is less than about 6 nanometers, wherein the fill material comprises pores having an average diameter of less than 6 nanometers.
4. The product as recited in claim 1 , wherein the average inner diameter of the carbon nanotubes is less than about 4 nanometers.
5. The product as recited in claim 1 , wherein the fill material has an average porosity that is less than the average inner diameter of the carbon nanotubes.
6. The product as recited in claim 1 , wherein the fill material is reactive with the chemicals.
7. The product as recited in claim 1 , wherein the fill material is polymeric.
8. The product as recited in claim 1 , wherein the fill material is ceramic.
9. The product as recited in claim 1 , wherein a density of the carbon nanotubes is in a range of 10 11 and 10 13 carbon nanotubes per square centimeter.
10. The product as recited in claim 1 , wherein the plurality of carbon nanotubes and the fill material are a single composite, wherein the single composite has a local thickness equal to a longitudinal length of each of the carbon nanotubes.
11. The product as recited in claim 1 , wherein a measurement of gas transfer between opposite sides of the product comprises a gas diffusivity value and a Knudsen diffusion prediction value, wherein the gas diffusivity value is greater than 20 times the Knudsen diffusion prediction value.
12. A product, comprising:
a plurality of carbon nanotubes having substantially parallel longitudinal axes; and
a fill material in interstitial spaces between the carbon nanotubes for limiting or preventing fluidic transfer between opposite sides of the product except through interiors of the carbon nanotubes,
wherein an average inner diameter of the carbon nanotubes is about 20 nanometers or less,
wherein ends of the carbon nanotubes are open,
wherein the fill material is configured to prevent penetration of chemicals and biologicals having a size larger than a water molecule into the fill material by size exclusion,
wherein the fill material is reactive with the chemicals.
13. The product as recited in claim 12 , wherein the average inner diameter of the carbon nanotubes is less than about 4 nanometers, wherein the fill material comprises pores having an average diameter of less than 4 nanometers.
14. The product as recited in claim 12 , wherein the fill material has an average porosity that is less than the average inner diameter of the carbon nanotubes.
15. The product as recited in claim 12 , wherein the fill material is permeable for water vapor, wherein the fill material provides a chemical barrier to chemicals and/or biologicals.
16. The product as recited in claim 12 , wherein the fill material is polymeric.
17. The product as recited in claim 12 , wherein the fill material is ceramic.
18. The product as recited in claim 12 , wherein a density of the carbon nanotubes is in a range of 10 11 and 10 13 carbon nanotubes per square centimeter.
19. A method, comprising:
forming a plurality of carbon nanotubes having substantially parallel longitudinal axes, wherein an average inner diameter of the carbon nanotubes is about 20 nanometers or less;
filling interstitial spaces between the carbon nanotubes with a fill material for preventing penetration by size exclusion of at least any material through the interstitial spaces having a size greater than the average inner diameter of the carbon nanotubes,
wherein the fill material is permeable to water vapor; and
after filling the interstitial spaces, opening ends of the carbon nanotubes.
20. The method as recited in claim 19 , wherein the fill material has an average porosity that is less than the average inner diameter of the carbon nanotubes.
21. The method as recited in claim 19 , wherein the average inner diameter of the carbon nanotubes is less than about 6 nanometers.
22. The method as recited in claim 19 , wherein the average inner diameter of the carbon nanotubes is less than about 4 nanometers.
23. The method as recited in claim 19 , wherein a density of the carbon nanotubes is in a range of 10 11 and 10 13 carbon nanotubes per square centimeter.
24. The method as recited in claim 19 , wherein the fill material is permeable for water vapor, wherein the fill material provides a chemical barrier to chemicals and/or biologicals.