Nanofilled solid polymer electrolytes
Embodiments of the disclosure relate to solid electrolytes comprising nanowhiskers. More particularly, embodiments of the disclosure relate to solid electrolytes comprising PEO 6 LiX crystalline complex and nanowhiskers to stabilize the PEO 6 LiX crystalline complex.
1. An electrolyte comprising a crystalline solid electrolyte including: a PEO 6 lithium salt crystalline complex, and at least one nanofiller selected from the group consisting of natural cellulose nanowhiskers, acid treated cellulose nanowhiskers, and surface oxidized cellulose nanowhiskers.
2. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the nanofiller includes cellulose nanowhiskers selected from the group consisting of acetobacter nanowhiskers and cotton nanowhiskers.
3. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the cellulose nanowhiskers have an aspect ratio of at least about 10.
4. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the crystalline solid electrolyte comprises from about 0.5 to about 2.5 wt. % of cellulose nanowhiskers.
5. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the crystalline solid electrolyte comprises about 1 wt. % of cellulose nanowhiskers.
6. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the cellulose nanowhiskers have a crystalline structure.
7. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein an average molecular weight of PEO is at least about 100K Da.
8. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein an average molecular weight of PEO is about 600K Da.
9. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the cellulose nanowhiskers are pretreated with an acid selected from the group consisting of H 2 SO 4 and H 3 PO 4 .
10. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the cellulose nanowhiskers have diameters of about 6 nm to about 15 nm.
11. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the cellulose nanowhiskers have lengths of about 150 nm to about 3 μm.
12. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the cellulose nanowhiskers have lengths of about 150 nm to about 200 nm.
13. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the cellulose nanowhiskers have lengths of about 1 μm to about 3 μm.
14. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the crystalline complex has a eutectic composition.
15. An electrolyte comprising a crystalline solid electrolyte including:
a crystalline complex comprising PEO 6 and a lithium salt, and
at least one nanofiller selected from the group consisting of natural cellulose nanowhiskers, acid treated cellulose nanowhiskers, and surface oxidized cellulose nanowhiskers, wherein the eutectic composition has a lamellar structure of alternating layers of PEO 6 lithium salt and PEO.
16. An electrolyte comprising a crystalline solid electrolyte including:
a crystalline complex comprising PEO 6 and a lithium salt, and
at least one nanofiller selected from the group consisting of natural cellulose nanowhiskers, acid treated cellulose nanowhiskers, and surface oxidized cellulose nanowhiskers, wherein the cellulose nanowhiskers are aligned under at least one of an electric field, a magnetic field, and a shear force to increase the conductivity of the electrolyte.
17. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the at least one nanofiller has a conductivity at 20° C. of at least 10−5 S/cm and an activation energy for Li conduction less than 10 kJ/mol.
18. An electrolyte comprising a crystalline solid electrolyte including:
a crystalline complex comprising PEO 6 and a lithium salt, and
at least one nanofiller selected from the group consisting of natural cellulose nanowhiskers, acid treated cellulose nanowhiskers, surface oxidized cellulose nanowhiskers, Al 2 O 3 nanowhiskers, and other metal oxide nanowhiskers, and
the at least one nanofiller having an aspect ratio of at least about 10.
19. The electrolyte of claim 18 , the at least one nanofiller having an aspect ratio from about 10 to about 200.
20. The electrolyte of claim 18 , wherein the crystalline complex comprising PEO 6 and a lithium salt is selected from the group of salts that form PEO 6 LiX complex in phase diagram, wherein the PEO 6 LiX complex in phase diagram is selected from the group consisting of PEO 6 LiClO 4 , PEO 6 LiTFSI and PEO 6 LiAsF 6 .
21. The electrolyte of claim 18 , wherein the crystalline solid electrolyte comprises from about 0.5 to about 2.5 wt. % of the at least one nanofiller.
22. The electrolyte of claim 18 , wherein the crystalline solid electrolyte comprises about 1 wt. % of the at least one nanofiller.
23. The electrolyte of claim 18 , wherein the nanofiller includes Al 2 O 3 nanowhiskers with diameters of about 2 nm to about 4 nm and lengths of about 200 nm to about 400 nm.