Quantum communication link robust against photon loss

1. A system for a communication of a quantum state, the system comprising:

polarization hardware configured to receive a polarization encoded qubit and split the polarization encoded qubit into two qubits;

a converter coupled to the polarization hardware, the converter being configured to convert the two qubits into a form suitable for a CNOT gate; and

the CNOT gate configured to receive the two qubits such that a measurement result of a CNOT operation of the CNOT gate determines success of the communication of the quantum state, wherein the CNOT gate includes a target qubit and a control qubit, and wherein a first qubit of the two qubits is the target qubit and a second qubit if the two qubits is the control qubit wherein:

the polarization hardware includes a polarizing beam splitter configured to split the polarization encoded qubit into the two qubits such that a first qubit having a horizontal component and a second qubit having a vertical component; and

the polarization hardware includes a polarization shifter configured to shift either the first qubit having the horizontal component or the second qubit having the vertical component.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein:

a zero (0) on the target qubit indicates success of the communication of the quantum state on the control qubit;

a one (1) on the target qubit indicates failure of the communication of the quantum state on the control qubit;

the 0 on the target qubit confirms receipt of a destination qubit on the control qubit, the destination qubit being in a form of a|0 +b|1 ; and

the 1 on the target qubit confirms no receipt of the destination qubit on the control qubit.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein:

a one (1) on the target qubit indicates success of the communication of the quantum state on the control qubit;

a zero (0) on the target qubit indicates failure of the communication of the quantum state on the control qubit;

the 1 on the target qubit confirms receipt of a destination qubit on the control qubit, the destination qubit being in a form of a|0 +b|1 ; and

the 0 on the target qubit confirms no receipt of the destination qubit on the control qubit.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the converter is configured to convert the polarization encoded qubit to a qubit on which the CNOT operation can be performed.

5. A method for a communication of a quantum state, the method comprising:

providing polarization hardware configured to receive a polarization encoded qubit and split the polarization encoded qubit into two qubits;

providing a converter coupled to the polarization hardware, the converter being configured to convert the two qubits into a form suitable for a CNOT gate, wherein the CNOT gate is configured to receive the two qubits; and

determining success of the communication of the quantum state based on a measurement result of the target qubit from a CNOT operation of the CNOT gate, wherein the CNOT gate includes a target qubit and a control qubit, and wherein a first qubit of the two qubits is the target qubit and a second qubit of the two qubits is the control qubit wherein:

the polarization hardware includes a polarizing beam splitter configured to split the polarization encoded qubit into the two qubits such that a first qubit having a horizontal component and a second qubit having a vertical component; and

the polarization hardware includes a polarization shifter configured to shift either the first qubit having the horizontal component or the second qubit having the vertical component.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein:

a zero (0) on the target qubit indicates success of the communication of the quantum state on the control qubit;

a one (1) on the target qubit indicates failure of the communication of the quantum state on the control qubit;

the 0 on the target qubit confirms receipt of a destination qubit on the control qubit, the destination qubit being in a form of a|0 +b|1 ; and

the 1 on the target qubit confirms no receipt of the destination qubit on the control qubit.

7. The method of claim 5 , wherein:

a one (1) on the target qubit indicates success of the communication of the quantum state on the control qubit;

a zero (0) on the target qubit indicates failure of the communication of the quantum state on the control qubit;

the 1 on the target qubit confirms receipt of a destination qubit on the control qubit, the destination qubit being in a form of a|0 +b|1 ; and

the 0 on the target qubit confirms no receipt of the destination qubit on the control qubit.

8. The method of claim 5 , wherein the converter is configured as an optical-to-microwave converter in one direction and a microwave-to-optical converter in another direction.

9. A confirming communication method comprising:

receiving, using polarization hardware, an encoded qubit over a polarization preserved optical fiber, the polarization hardware configured to receive and split the encoded qubit into two qubits; and

confirming, using a CNOT gate, receipt of the encoded qubit based on a measurement from a CNOT operation, wherein the CNOT gate includes a target qubit and a control qubit, and wherein a first qubit of the two qubits is the target qubit and a second qubit of the two qubits is the control qubit wherein:

the polarization hardware includes a polarizing beam splitter configured to split the polarization encoded qubit into the two qubits such that a first qubit having a horizontal component and a second qubit having a vertical component; and

the polarization hardware includes a polarization shifter configured to shift either the first qubit having the horizontal component or the second qubit having the vertical component.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the encoded qubit is received from a transmitter system over the polarization preserved optical fiber.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein confirming receipt of the encoded qubit is based on a measurement at a target qubit of the CNOT gate.