Low-density high-strength concrete and related methods
A low-density, high-strength concrete composition that is both self-compacting and lightweight, with a low weight-fraction of aggregate to total dry raw materials, and a highly-homogenous distribution of a non-absorptive and closed-cell lightweight aggregate such as glass microspheres or copolymer polymer beads or a combination thereof, and the steps of providing the composition or components. Lightweight concretes formed therefrom have low density, high strength-to-weight ratios, and high R-value. The concrete has strength similar to that ordinarily found in structural lightweight concrete but at an oven-dried density as low as 40 lbs./cu.ft. The concrete, at the density ordinarily found in structural lightweight concrete, has a higher strength and, at the strength ordinarily found in structural lightweight concrete, a lower density. Such strength-to-density ratios range approximately from above 30 cu.ft/sq.in. to above 110 cu.ft/sq.in., with a 28-day compressive strength ranging from about 3400 to 8000 psi.
1. A lightweight Portland cement-based concrete composition comprising:
one or more cementitious materials comprising Portland cement;
an aggregate mix composed of individual particles that are substantially volumetrically stable and non-absorbent;
said aggregate mix comprising hollow glass microspheres; and
a shrinkage reducer;
wherein the lightweight concrete composition has a compressive strength after 28 days as measured by ASTM C39 of at least about 2500 psi.
2. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 1 , wherein the shrinkage reducer comprises calcium oxide, calcium sulfo-aluminate, or any combination of any of the foregoing.
3. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 1 , further comprising an air detrainer.
4. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 1 , wherein the concrete composition has an oven-dried density of about 36 to about 55 lb/ft 3 , and a compressive strength after 28 days as measured by ASTM C39 of at least about 2500 psi.
5. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 1 , wherein said glass microspheres have a specific gravity of about 0.15, and said glass microspheres have a 90% survival rate at a pressure of about 300 psi.
6. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 1 , wherein the concrete composition has a compressive strength-to-density ratio of about 71.2 to about 97.1, where the compressive strength is measured in psi according to ASTM C39 after 28 days and the density is measured in lb/ft 3 according to ASTM C567.
7. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 1 , further comprising copolymer beads.
8. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 7 , wherein the copolymer beads are styrene copolymer beads.
9. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 7 , wherein the copolymer beads are styrene-ethylvinylbenzene-divinylbenzene terpolymer beads.
10. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 7 , further comprising fibers.
11. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 10 , wherein the fibers are polyvinyl alcohol fibers.
12. A lightweight Portland cement-based concrete composition comprising:
one or more cementitious materials comprising Portland cement;
an aggregate mix composed of individual particles that are substantially volumetrically stable and non-absorbent;
said aggregate mix comprising hollow glass microspheres;
a air detrainer;
and a viscosity modifier;
wherein the lightweight concrete composition has a compressive strength after 28 days as measured by ASTM C39 of at least about 2500 psi.
13. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 12 , further comprising a shrinkage reducer.
14. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 13 , wherein the shrinkage reducer comprises calcium oxide, calcium sulfo-aluminate, or any combination of any of the foregoing.
15. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 12 , wherein the concrete has a ring test score, as measured by ASTM C1581, of about 10.1 to 16.2.
16. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 12 , wherein the compressive strength after 28 days as measured by ASTM C39 of at least about 3800 psi.
17. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 12 , wherein the concrete composition has a compressive strength-to-density ratio of about 29.8 to about 62.5, where the compressive strength is measured in psi according to ASTM C39 after 7 days and the density is measured in lb/ft 3 according to ASTM C567.
18. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 12 , wherein the concrete composition has (i) a compressive strength-to-density ratio of about 48.5 to about 97.1, where the compressive strength is measured in psi according to ASTM C39 after 28 days and the density is measured in lb/ft 3 according to ASTM C567, and (ii) an oven-dried density of about 36 to about 55 lb/ft 3 .
19. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 12 , wherein the concrete composition has an oven-dried density of about 36 to about 55 lb/ft 3 .
20. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 12 , wherein the concrete composition has a compressive strength-to-density ratio of about 40.3 to about 62.5, where the compressive strength is measured in psi according to ASTM C39 after 7 days and the density is measured in lb/ft 3 according to ASTM C567.
21. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 12 , wherein the concrete composition has a compressive strength-to-density ratio of about 71.2 to about 97.1, where the compressive strength is measured in psi according to ASTM C39 after 28 days and the density is measured in lb/ft 3 according to ASTM C567.
22. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 12 , wherein the air detrainer is present in an amount of about 6 to 10 oz. per 100 lbs. of cementitious materials.
23. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 12 , wherein the air detrainer is present in an amount of about 8.5 to 14.2 oz. per 100 lbs. of cementitious materials.
24. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 12 , further comprising copolymer beads.
25. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 24 , wherein the copolymer beads are styrene copolymer beads.
26. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 24 , wherein the copolymer beads are styrene-ethylvinylbenzene-divinylbenzene terpolymer beads.
27. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 12 , further comprising fibers.
28. The lightweight concrete composition of claim 27 , wherein the fibers are polyvinyl alcohol fibers.
29. A method for preparing a lightweight Portland cement-based concrete composition comprising the steps of:
(a) obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising (i) one or more cementitious materials comprising Portland cement, (ii) water, (iii) an aggregate mix composed of individual particles that are substantially volumetrically stable and non-absorbent to the mixer, said aggregate mix comprising hollow glass microspheres, and (iv) a viscosity modifier to inhibit segregation of the glass microspheres within the mixture;
(b) reducing the amount of air entrained within the cementitious mixture by adding an air detrainer; and
(c) curing the cementitious mixture,
wherein the lightweight concrete composition has a compressive strength after 28 days as measured by ASTM C39 of at least about 2500 psi.
30. The method of claim 29 , wherein said hollow glass microspheres remain largely unsegregated in said cementitious mixture prior to curing.
31. The method of claim 29 , wherein step (b) comprises adding a sufficient amount of air detrainer to achieve a plastic air content within the cementitious mixture of between about 2% and 7%.
32. The method of claim 29 , wherein, prior to curing, the cementitious mixture has a target plastic density of not more than about 100 lb/ft 3 .
33. The method of claim 29 , further comprising the step of increasing the resistance of the cementitious mixture to cracking during curing by adding a shrinkage reducer to the cementitious material prior to curing.
34. The method of claim 29 , wherein said cured lightweight concrete has a compressive strength after 28 days as measured by ASTM C39 of at least about 2500 psi.
35. The method of claim 11 , wherein the aggregate mix further comprises copolymer beads.
36. The method of claim 35 , wherein the copolymer beads are styrene copolymer beads.
37. The method of claim 35 , wherein the copolymer beads are styrene-ethylvinylbenzene-divinylbenzene terpolymer beads.
38. The method of claim 35 , wherein the cementitious mixture further comprises fibers.
39. The method of claim 38 , wherein the fibers are polyvinyl alcohol fibers.